Welcome to the new Traders Laboratory! Please bear with us as we finish the migration over the next few days. If you find any issues, want to leave feedback, get in touch with us, or offer suggestions please post to the Support forum here.
-
Welcome Guests
Welcome. You are currently viewing the forum as a guest which does not give you access to all the great features at Traders Laboratory such as interacting with members, access to all forums, downloading attachments, and eligibility to win free giveaways. Registration is fast, simple and absolutely free. Create a FREE Traders Laboratory account here.
All Activity
This stream auto-updates
- Today
-
Date : 24th February 2020 Events to Look Out For Next Week 24th February 2020.The economic data has been and will continue to be overshadowed by the Covid-19 outbreak. The week ahead starts light, with the German Business Sentiment Index and Chinese Retail Sales on Monday. Leading indicators dominate the releases, but the event of the week is the US GDP and Consumer Confidence, which should shed light on whether the epidemic is visible in the data globally.Monday – 24 February 2020 Japan – Emperor’s Birthday Retail Sales (CNY, GMT N/A) – China’s retail trade growth stood at 8 percent year-on-year in December 2019. However a strong decline is expected for January, following the recent releases indicating that new car sales plunged 92% in China in February and airline traffic is expected to post the first drop since 2011 amid heavy virus containment measures in China. German IFO (EUR, GMT 09:00) – The German Business Sentiment Index released by the CESifo Group is closely watched as an early indicator of current conditions and business expectations in Germany. February’s numbers are expected to incline. Tuesday – 25 February 2020 Leading Economic Index (JPY, GMT 05:00) – The index is expected to show no change in the outlook of the Japanese economy and stand at 91.6. Gross Domestic Product (EUR, GMT 07:00) – German GDP is expected to have fallen by 0.3% on an annualized rate in the last quarter of the year, compared to 1.0% growth in Q3. Conference Board Consumer Confidence (USD, GMT 15:00) – Consumer Confidence is expected to have increased to 132.4 compared to 131.6 in the previous month. Wednesday – 26 February 2020 New Home Sales (USD, GMT 15:00) – The housing recovery should extend into 2020, assuming that mortgage rates remain low and Fed policy remains accommodative. The January new home sales should post a 2.3% climb to a 710k pace, after a dip to a 694k rate in December, versus a 12-year high of 730k in September. Trade Balance (NZD, GMT 21:45) – The Trade Balance measures the difference in value between imported and exported goods and services over the reported period. It will be interesting to see whether the New Zealand trade balance already posts an impact from the epidemic. Thursday – 27 February 2020 Gross Domestic Product (USD, GMT 13:30) – US preliminary GDP growth for Q4 is expected to trim to 2.0% from 2.1%. Durable Goods (USD, GMT 13:30) – Durable goods orders are expected to fall -1.5% in January with a -4.7% drop in transportation orders. Defense orders should fall by -29%, following the 101.4% December surge. Boeing orders declined to zero planes, following a dismal 3 planes in January. Tokyo Core CPI and Unemployment Rate (JPY, GMT 23:30) – Tokyo CPI is usually a good proxy for the Japanese economy’s overall inflation rate. In February, the CPI ex Food is expected to have stood at 0.9% y/y. The unemployment rate is expected to have climbed to 2.3% from 2.2% in December. Retail Sales (JPY, GMT 23:50) – Following a precipitous 3-month dive in October -December, due to a prolonged hit to exports from soft global demand and a slide in consumer spending following a nationwide tax hike, January’s Retail Sales are expected to drop to -1.1% on a y/y basis. Friday – 28 February 2020 Unemployment Rate (EUR, GMT 08:55) – The German unemployment rate is expected to have remained at 5% in February. Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (EUR, GMT 13:00) – The German HICP inflation could rise to 0.3% m/m for February from the drop seen at -0.6% m/m last month. Gross Domestic Product (CAD, GMT 13:30) – A sharp slowing in Canada’s real GDP growth rate to 1.2% (q/q, saar) is expected in Q4 following the 1.3% Q3 growth. This should not add to the backing for a rate cut for the Bank of Canada. Personal Income (USD, GMT 13:30) – A 0.3% rise in personal income in January is anticipated after a 0.2% increase in December, alongside a 0.2% rise in consumption that follows a 0.3% December gain. Always trade with strict risk management. Your capital is the single most important aspect of your trading business.Please note that times displayed based on local time zone and are from time of writing this report.Click HERE to access the full HotForex Economic calendar.Want to learn to trade and analyse the markets? Join our webinars and get analysis and trading ideas combined with better understanding on how markets work. Click HERE to register for FREE!Click HERE to READ more Market news. Andria Pichidi Market Analyst HotForex Disclaimer: This material is provided as a general marketing communication for information purposes only and does not constitute an independent investment research. Nothing in this communication contains, or should be considered as containing, an investment advice or an investment recommendation or a solicitation for the purpose of buying or selling of any financial instrument. All information provided is gathered from reputable sources and any information containing an indication of past performance is not a guarantee or reliable indicator of future performance. Users acknowledge that any investment in FX and CFDs products is characterized by a certain degree of uncertainty and that any investment of this nature involves a high level of risk for which the users are solely responsible and liable. We assume no liability for any loss arising from any investment made based on the information provided in this communication. This communication must not be reproduced or further distributed without our prior written permission.
- Yesterday
-
Can I use this EA on my Hotforex platform? How do I do that?
- Last week
-
Why are Market Wizard's insults and humiliations tolerated with impunity whereas our replies are sistematically banned? Just curious.
-
Bitcoin (BTC) Consolidates As Bears And Bulls Tussle Above $9,400 Support Key Resistance Zones: $10,000, $11,000, $12,000 Key Support Zones: $7, 000, $6, 000, $5,000 BTC/USD Long-term Trend: Ranging Bitcoin has failed to break above $10,400 overhead resistance. The bulls made two unsuccessful attempts at the resistance. In the recent one, the bears took the price to a low of $9,290 and then pulled back above $9,400. In the interim, the price is fluctuating above $9,400 and approaching the high of $9,800. As the bulls have failed to push above the overhead resistance, the pair may commence a range movement. Nonetheless, it is anticipated that if the bears break below the $9,400 support, selling pressure may resume. Meanwhile, BTC may continue the range-bound movement. BTC/USD – Daily Chart Daily Chart Indicators Reading: After the downward move of Bitcoin, the Relative Strength Index has also fallen to level 52. This simply means the coin is above the centerline 50. In other words, BTC is in an uptrend and it is likely to rise. Price broke the support line of the ascending channel. The uptrend will be in proper perspective only when the bulls break into the ascending channel. BTC/USD Medium-term Trend: Bearish On the 4- hour chart, Bitcoin now trades between $9,400 and $10,200 after the first breakdown at the $10,400 overhead resistance. The bulls tested the resistance at $10,200 twice , before the downward move. The large bearish candlesticks tested a low of $9,290. However, the small body candlesticks that follow are called indecisive candlesticks. BTC/USD – 4 Hour Chart 4-hour Chart Indicators Reading Presently, BTC is trading above a 25% range of the daily stochastic. That is the coin is in the bullish trend zone. The 21-day SMA and the 50-day SMA are sloping horizontally indicating a sideways trend. General Outlook for Bitcoin (BTC) From every indication, if the bulls fail to push above the overhead resistance, the price action in October and November will repeat itself. For the past three days, BTC is still fluctuating above $9,400. Instrument: BTC/USD Order: Sell Entry price: $9,700 Stop: $9,900 Target: $8,400 Note: Learn2Trade.com is not a financial advisor. Do your research before investing your funds in any financial asset or presented product or event. We are not responsible for your investing results Source: https://learn2.trade
-
The Sharp Recovery In EURJPY Lose Momentum, Falters Beneath The Level At 121.00 EURJPY Price Analysis – February 21 The single European currency rose 88 basis points or 0.73% against the Japanese yen in the previous session. After two consecutive sessions showing strong growth, EURJPY is now losing some momentum amid JPY bulls. Key Levels Resistance Levels: 122.37, 122.87, 121.00 Support Levels: 119.99, 117.08, 115.83 EURJPY Long term Trend: Ranging The EURJPY rebound from the level of 118.46 continues to advance from the previous session, but today it has stalled. Super-speed acceleration claims that a decline from 122.87 level could have ended in three waves to 118.46 level. However, the support level formed by the intersection of the moving average of 5 and 13 at 119.90 level can support the exchange rate during the trading session on Friday, while greater advance can continue from the level of 115.83. EURJPY Short term Trend: Ranging From an analysis of the 4-hour time frame, the intraday bias is now on the rise for a resistance level of 121.15 at first. The breakthrough will be aimed at 122.87 high levels. On the other hand, a breakdown of the secondary support levels of 119.99 could change the bias towards lower testing to retest the low level of 118.46 instead. Instrument: EURJPY Order: Sell Entry price: 121.00 Stop: 119.66 Target: 121.47 Note: Learn2Trade.com is not a financial advisor. Do your research before investing your funds in any financial asset or presented product or event. We are not responsible for your investing results Source: https://learn2.trade
-
What makes InstaForex a good choice is that it is a reliable binary options trading platform so the trader would not have to dread anything if he decides to choose this platform. They offer a 24/7 consultancy support. The exclusive online support facilitates the trader to get all the help that he has been looking for so far. This means that if the trader has any questions he can put them up ready to reach a solution to his problems. InstaForex provides trading binary options on currency pairs, cryptocurrency pairs, metals, and CFDs on shares. InstaForex Broker 2.000$ Forex / Binary Options No Deposit Bonus! Crypto Trading Available! https://binaryoptionsfree.eu/review/instaforex-broker-2-000-forex-binary-options-no-deposit-bonus/ -
CRYPTOBO Broker - Binary Options No Deposit Cryptocurrency Bonus Real 10,000 Satoshi For Free!Make Financial Bets using Bincoins and win Bitcoins!Receive 10,000 Satoshi for Free Without Deposit to bet and win!Read CRYPTOBO Review!
-
Quantower update! https://www.quantower.com/Here is what the latest version has to offer: 37 Predefined Options Strategies Volatility Smile chart for Options Series Cumulative Last Trade Size in DOM Trader Added OCO orders for Rithmic connection ________________________________37 Predefined Options StrategiesIn this release, we improved the Option Analytics panel by adding a list of 37 predefined option strategies that you can apply for analysis or trading with one click. For convenience, all strategies are divided into 4 categories: Up Trend Down Trend Volatility Based Arbitrage strategies For each strategy, you can see a general risk profile scheme, description, and structure, i.e. what options (Call or Put) it consists of. Once you have selected the desired strategy from the list, click on the “Add Strategy” button and it will appear in the bottom table “Test & Real Positions”. In this table, you can analyze several strategies at once, simply ticking off the necessary strikes. It is important to note that all option strategies are built on the strikes closest to ATM (at-the-money). To extend the strategy profile, you need to manually add the necessary strikes via the Paper column in the options desk.Volatility Smile chartAnother improvement that we added to the Option Analytics panel is the Volatility Smile chart. It shows the implied volatility values for all strikes on the same line. This allows you to compare the value of options and understand is their overbought or oversold relative to each other. Cumulative Last Trade Size in DOM TraderChanged the display of the Last Trade Size, which was located on the price axis. In the new version, we placed Last Trade Size in a separate column and added a mechanism for accumulating trading volume, if the price did not change.For example, if the previous trade was on the Bid side, and then the latest trade is on the Ask side at the same price, then the Last Trade Size will add the value. But if the price will change on one tick up or down, then the Last Trade Size will be reset. Added OCO orders for Rithmic connectionIn the last release, we have already added Bracket Orders, which allow you to reduce losses in case of an unfavorable trade. Today we present OCO orders (One Cancels Other), which is a widely known and popular order type among traders. Using the trading functionality of the Quantower platform, you can set two independent limit orders and combine them into an OCO group. When one of the orders is executed, the second will be automatically canceled.Additionally, for each limit order, you can set Bracket orders (SL and TP) and then merge them into a group. As ever, we’d love to hear what you think about Quantower, your feedback helps us improve whole the platform. Keep an eye out for future updates!
-
Quantower platform is a fast, modern and powerful trading platform developed by Quantower company. Thanks to wide customization, modularity and progressive solutions, our trading software can meet the specific needs of even the most demanding traders. Quantower has combined the best charting and analytical functionality in one application which gives professional traders more ways to reach the right trading decisions on different markets: Forex/CFDs, Stocks, Derivatives (Futures/Options), ETFs and ETNs. Key Benefits & Features: ✔ simultaneous connections to different brokers & data providers ✔ Futures, Stocks, Forex, CFDs, Options, Indices, ETFs trading ✔ 10+ chart types and styles – Time charts, Ticks, Kagi, Renko, Point & Figure, Linebreak, Range, Volume, Candles, Bars. ✔ Volume Analysis tools – Volume profile, Cluster chart (Footprint), Time Statistics, Time histogram, Historical T&S ✔ VWAP and Custom VWAP (anchor VWAP) ✔ Power Trades Tool shows the execution of a large number of orders in a very short time ✔ Options Analytics panel for creating & analyzing Options Strategies, Risk profiles and Volatility Skew. ✔ DOM Surface panel shows changes of all limit orders in Order Book, their placing, modifying, canceling and execution. It allows you to see the intentions of large traders regarding the future price, high liquidity price levels. ✔ TPO Profile Chart shows the price distribution during the specified time ✔ one-click trading via Chart and DOM Trader panels ✔ various order types – Market, Limit, Stop, Brackets etc. ✔ panel for simulating of real-time trading on any trading or quoting connections ✔ creating & trading of Spreads and Synthetic Instruments ✔ manual & automative backtesting of trading strategies ✔ creating algorithmic strategies via Quantower Algo ✔ full customization of trading workspaces, panels, templates
-
Date : 21st February 2020. GBPUSD – A Bear Trap? 21st FebruaryGBPUSD, H4This pair has been down significantly for two days to a new two-month low at 1.2848, although the UK economic data was relatively positive on both days. On Wednesday (February 19) it was retail prices, PPI and CPI, all of which came out well, and strengthened the GBP for a short time. However, shortly after the key data announcement the pair continued to plummet heavily into and during the US market. Wednesday closed down around 78 pips and Thursday (February 20) was the same, as the UK Retail Sales numbers came out positive. But the pair still closed down more than 35 pips as the Dollar remained dominant.US economic data also came out well on both days, and the US Dollar Index managed to reach an almost 3 year high at 99.79, while Brexit trade negotiations between the UK and the EU began to turn around again. In the case that the UK may have to leave the EU without a deal after the French Finance Minister has come out to comment that “we are separated”.From a technical perspective, the breakout of the support zone yesterday (February 20) at 1.2880 caused the H4 time frame to print signs of a bear trap, which must continue to develop to see if the pair can go up or not. In the Day time frame, yesterday the price came down to test the key support at the EMA 200 line and bounce back up. This makes today’s first support level 1.2880. If the price goes down and is able to pass this level, the next support level will be at yesterday’s low at around 1.2850, but if the price continues to rise there is resistance waiting at 1.2925 and 1.2950.However, today on the economic calendar there is still important economic data waiting. At 16:30, the UK announces PMI numbers for both manufacturing and services. At 21.45 hrs onwards, the United States will announce PMI and monthly home sales figures for January.Always trade with strict risk management. Your capital is the single most important aspect of your trading business.Please note that times displayed based on local time zone and are from time of writing this report.Click HERE to access the full HotForex Economic calendar.Want to learn to trade and analyse the markets? Join our webinars and get analysis and trading ideas combined with better understanding on how markets work. Click HERE to register for FREE!Click HERE to READ more Market news. Chayut Vachirathanakit Market Analyst – HF Educational Office – Thailand HotForex Disclaimer: This material is provided as a general marketing communication for information purposes only and does not constitute an independent investment research. Nothing in this communication contains, or should be considered as containing, an investment advice or an investment recommendation or a solicitation for the purpose of buying or selling of any financial instrument. All information provided is gathered from reputable sources and any information containing an indication of past performance is not a guarantee or reliable indicator of future performance. Users acknowledge that any investment in FX and CFDs products is characterized by a certain degree of uncertainty and that any investment of this nature involves a high level of risk for which the users are solely responsible and liable. We assume no liability for any loss arising from any investment made based on the information provided in this communication. This communication must not be reproduced or further distributed without our prior written permission.
-
Date : 20th February 2020. Yen tumble continues - 20th FebruaryThe Yen has continued to tumble, and is showing a near 2% decline against the Dollar from yesterday’s opening levels.USDJPY printed a 10-month high at 112.10, just 28 pips away from its 10-month high, and EURJPY posted a 2-week high, at 121.00.There have been reports over the last day of major fund managers cutting yen longs, including against short regional Asian currency hedge positions, though most Asian currencies came under fairly heavy pressure today amid concerns about the coronavirus outbreak spreading regionally at an increased rate. There has also been talk of Japanese funds buying US Treasuries. While China reported a large drop in new coronavirus cases, just as the PBoC delivered an expected rate cut, South Korea and Japan reported increases in new cases.This news led to a mixed performance among Asian equity markets, with China outperforming while other benchmark indices sputtered. Trying to call the point of peak contagion, and thereby the peak of economic disruption, is tough, though the consensus seems to be that it will happen in March or April, aided by the arrival of warmer weather in the northern hemisphere (although scientists aren’t exactly sure if warm weather will have the same quelling effect as it does on flu and cold viruses).Japan’s Q4 GDP data, released on Monday, disappointed, showing a 1.6% q/q contraction versus the median forecast for -0.9%. Q3 data were also revised down, and the figures came amid expectations for a dismal current quarter performance given the impact of measures to contain the virus outbreak.There is a risk that USDJPY might sharply reverse gains should risk appetite in global markets deteriorate and sustain. Intraday meanwhile, momentum indicators continue their positive configuration, suggesting that despite the fact that the asset reached overbought territory there is still room to the upside. Stochastics slopes into overbought area and MACD extends above signal line suggesting strengthening of positive bias, whilst ATR posted a 16 pips move. Some correction could be seen ahead of US session, with immediate Support at 112.00 and 111.58 (yesterday’s peak), however the overall outlook remains positive. Resistance sits at 2019 peak , i.e. 112.38 and at 112.66 (R2 of the day).Always trade with strict risk management. Your capital is the single most important aspect of your trading business.Please note that times displayed based on local time zone and are from time of writing this report.Click HERE to access the full HotForex Economic calendar.Want to learn to trade and analyse the markets? Join our webinars and get analysis and trading ideas combined with better understanding on how markets work. Click HERE to register for FREE!Click HERE to READ more Market news. Andria Pichidi Market Analyst HotForex Disclaimer: This material is provided as a general marketing communication for information purposes only and does not constitute an independent investment research. Nothing in this communication contains, or should be considered as containing, an investment advice or an investment recommendation or a solicitation for the purpose of buying or selling of any financial instrument. All information provided is gathered from reputable sources and any information containing an indication of past performance is not a guarantee or reliable indicator of future performance. Users acknowledge that any investment in FX and CFDs products is characterized by a certain degree of uncertainty and that any investment of this nature involves a high level of risk for which the users are solely responsible and liable. We assume no liability for any loss arising from any investment made based on the information provided in this communication. This communication must not be reproduced or further distributed without our prior written permission.
-
Many traders are not so satisfied with IC Markets lately. It seems they have a lot of issues.
-
Potential GBP/USD long
-
White post on white forum paper $Value: Higher than 75
-
-
Gold From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the element. For other uses, see Gold (disambiguation). "Element 79" redirects here. For the anthology, see Element 79 (anthology). Gold, 79Au Gold Appearance metallic yellow Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Au) 196.966570(4)[1] Gold in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Ag ↑ Au ↓ Rg platinum ← gold → mercury Atomic number (Z) 79 Group group 11 Period period 6 Block d-block Element category Transition metal Electron configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 Physical properties Phase at STP solid Melting point 1337.33 K (1064.18 °C, 1947.52 °F) Boiling point 3243 K (2970 °C, 5378 °F) Density (near r.t.) 19.30 g/cm3 when liquid (at m.p.) 17.31 g/cm3 Heat of fusion 12.55 kJ/mol Heat of vaporization 342 kJ/mol Molar heat capacity 25.418 J/(mol·K) Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1646 1814 2021 2281 2620 3078 Atomic properties Oxidation states −3, −2, −1, 0,[2]+1, +2, +3, +5 (an amphoteric oxide) Electronegativity Pauling scale: 2.54 Ionization energies 1st: 890.1 kJ/mol 2nd: 1980 kJ/mol Atomic radius empirical: 144 pm Covalent radius 136±6 pm Van der Waals radius 166 pm Spectral lines of gold Other properties Natural occurrence primordial Crystal structure face-centered cubic (fcc) Speed of sound thin rod 2030 m/s (at r.t.) Thermal expansion 14.2 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) Thermal conductivity 318 W/(m·K) Electrical resistivity 22.14 nΩ·m (at 20 °C) Magnetic ordering diamagnetic[3] Magnetic susceptibility −28.0·10−6 cm3/mol (at 296 K)[4] Tensile strength 120 MPa Young's modulus 79 GPa Shear modulus 27 GPa Bulk modulus 180 GPa[5] Poisson ratio 0.4 Mohs hardness 2.5 Vickers hardness 188–216 MPa Brinell hardness 188–245 MPa CAS Number 7440-57-5 History Naming from Latin aurum, meaning gold Discovery In the Middle East (before 6000 BCE) Main isotopes of gold Isotope Abundance Half-life (t1/2) Decay mode Product 195Au syn 186.10 d ε 195Pt 196Au syn 6.183 d ε 196Pt β− 196Hg 197Au 100% stable 198Au syn 2.69517 d β− 198Hg 199Au syn 3.169 d β− 199Hg view talk edit | references Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from Latin: aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Gold often occurs in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins, and in alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver (as electrum) and also naturally alloyed with copper and palladium. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium (gold tellurides). Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia, a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, which forms a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid, which dissolves silver and base metals, a property that has long been used to refine gold and to confirm the presence of gold in metallic objects, giving rise to the term acid test. Gold also dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide, which are used in mining and electroplating. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, but this is not a chemical reaction. A relatively rare element,[6][7] gold is a precious metal that has been used for coinage, jewelry, and other arts throughout recorded history. In the past, a gold standard was often implemented as a monetary policy, but gold coins ceased to be minted as a circulating currency in the 1930s, and the world gold standard was abandoned for a fiat currency system after 1971. A total of 186,700 tonnes of gold exists above ground, as of 2015.[8] The world consumption of new gold produced is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry.[9] Gold's high malleability, ductility, resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions, and conductivity of electricity have led to its continued use in corrosion resistant electrical connectors in all types of computerized devices (its chief industrial use). Gold is also used in infrared shielding, colored-glass production, gold leafing, and tooth restoration. Certain gold salts are still used as anti-inflammatories in medicine. As of 2017, the world's largest gold producer by far was China with 440 tonnes per year.[10] Contents 1 Characteristics 1.1 Color 1.2 Isotopes 1.2.1 Synthesis 2 Chemistry 2.1 Rare oxidation states 2.2 Medicinal uses 3 Origin 3.1 Gold production in the Universe 3.2 Asteroid origin theories 3.3 Mantle return theories 4 Occurrence 4.1 Seawater 5 History 5.1 Etymology 5.2 Culture 6 Production 6.1 Mining and prospecting 6.2 Extraction and refining 6.3 Consumption 6.4 Pollution 7 Monetary use 7.1 Price 7.2 History 8 Other applications 8.1 Jewelry 8.2 Electronics 8.3 Medicine 8.4 Cuisine 8.5 Miscellanea 9 Toxicity 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Characteristics Gold can be drawn into a monoatomic wire, and then stretched more before it breaks. A gold nugget of 0.5 cm (0.20 in) in size can be hammered into a gold foil of about 0.5 m2 (5.4 sq ft) area. Gold is the most malleable of all metals. It can be drawn into a monoatomic wire, and then stretched about twice before it breaks.[citation needed] Such nanowires distort via formation, reorientation and migration of dislocations and crystal twins without noticeable hardening.[11] A single gram of gold can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square meter, and an avoirdupois ounce into 300 square feet. Gold leaf can be beaten thin enough to become semi-transparent. The transmitted light appears greenish blue, because gold strongly reflects yellow and red.[12] Such semi-transparent sheets also strongly reflect infrared light, making them useful as infrared (radiant heat) shields in visors of heat-resistant suits, and in sun-visors for spacesuits.[13] Gold is a good conductor of heat and electricity. Gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm3, almost identical to that of tungsten at 19.25 g/cm3; as such, tungsten has been used in counterfeiting of gold bars, such as by plating a tungsten bar with gold,[14][15][16][17] or taking an existing gold bar, drilling holes, and replacing the removed gold with tungsten rods.[18] By comparison, the density of lead is 11.34 g/cm3, and that of the densest element, osmium, is 22.588±0.015 g/cm3.[19] Color Main article: Colored gold Different colors of Ag–Au–Cu alloys Whereas most metals are gray or silvery white, gold is slightly reddish-yellow.[20] This color is determined by the frequency of plasma oscillations among the metal's valence electrons, in the ultraviolet range for most metals but in the visible range for gold due to relativistic effects affecting the orbitals around gold atoms.[21][22] Similar effects impart a golden hue to metallic caesium. Common colored gold alloys include the distinctive eighteen-karat rose gold created by the addition of copper. Alloys containing palladium or nickel are also important in commercial jewelry as these produce white gold alloys. Fourteen-karat gold-copper alloy is nearly identical in color to certain bronze alloys, and both may be used to produce police and other badges. Fourteen- and eighteen-karat gold alloys with silver alone appear greenish-yellow and are referred to as green gold. Blue gold can be made by alloying with iron, and purple gold can be made by alloying with aluminium. Less commonly, addition of manganese, indium, and other elements can produce more unusual colors of gold for various applications.[23] Colloidal gold, used by electron-microscopists, is red if the particles are small; larger particles of colloidal gold are blue.[24] Isotopes Main article: Isotopes of gold Gold has only one stable isotope, 197 Au, which is also its only naturally occurring isotope, so gold is both a mononuclidic and monoisotopic element. Thirty-six radioisotopes have been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 169 to 205. The most stable of these is 195 Au with a half-life of 186.1 days. The least stable is 171 Au, which decays by proton emission with a half-life of 30 µs. Most of gold's radioisotopes with atomic masses below 197 decay by some combination of proton emission, α decay, and β+ decay. The exceptions are 195 Au, which decays by electron capture, and 196 Au, which decays most often by electron capture (93%) with a minor β− decay path (7%).[25] All of gold's radioisotopes with atomic masses above 197 decay by β− decay.[26] At least 32 nuclear isomers have also been characterized, ranging in atomic mass from 170 to 200. Within that range, only 178 Au, 180 Au, 181 Au, 182 Au, and 188 Au do not have isomers. Gold's most stable isomer is 198m2 Au with a half-life of 2.27 days. Gold's least stable isomer is 177m2 Au with a half-life of only 7 ns. 184m1 Au has three decay paths: β+ decay, isomeric transition, and alpha decay. No other isomer or isotope of gold has three decay paths.[26] Synthesis The production of gold from a more common element, such as lead, has long been a subject of human inquiry, and the ancient and medieval discipline of alchemy often focused on it; however, the transmutation of the chemical elements did not become possible until the understanding of nuclear physics in the 20th century. The first synthesis of gold was conducted by Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka, who synthesized gold from mercury in 1924 by neutron bombardment.[27] An American team, working without knowledge of Nagaoka's prior study, conducted the same experiment in 1941, achieving the same result and showing that the isotopes of gold produced by it were all radioactive.[28] Gold can currently be manufactured in a nuclear reactor by irradiation either of platinum or mercury. Only the mercury isotope 196Hg, which occurs with a frequency of 0.15% in natural mercury, can be converted to gold by neutron capture, and following electron capture-decay into 197Au with slow neutrons. Other mercury isotopes are converted when irradiated with slow neutrons into one another, or formed mercury isotopes which beta decay into thallium. Using fast neutrons, the mercury isotope 198Hg, which composes 9.97% of natural mercury, can be converted by splitting off a neutron and becoming 197Hg, which then disintegrates to stable gold. This reaction, however, possesses a smaller activation cross-section and is feasible only with un-moderated reactors. It is also possible to eject several neutrons with very high energy into the other mercury isotopes in order to form 197Hg. However, such high-energy neutrons can be produced only by particle accelerators.[clarification needed] Chemistry Gold(III) chloride solution in water Although gold is the most noble of the noble metals,[29][30] it still forms many diverse compounds. The oxidation state of gold in its compounds ranges from −1 to +5, but Au(I) and Au(III) dominate its chemistry. Au(I), referred to as the aurous ion, is the most common oxidation state with soft ligands such as thioethers, thiolates, and tertiary phosphines. Au(I) compounds are typically linear. A good example is Au(CN)2−, which is the soluble form of gold encountered in mining. The binary gold halides, such as AuCl, form zigzag polymeric chains, again featuring linear coordination at Au. Most drugs based on gold are Au(I) derivatives.[31] Au(III) (referred to as the auric) is a common oxidation state, and is illustrated by gold(III) chloride, Au2Cl6. The gold atom centers in Au(III) complexes, like other d8 compounds, are typically square planar, with chemical bonds that have both covalent and ionic character. Gold does not react with oxygen at any temperature[32] and, up to 100 °C, is resistant to attack from ozone.[33] Some free halogens react with gold.[34] Gold is strongly attacked by fluorine at dull-red heat[35] to form gold(III) fluoride. Powdered gold reacts with chlorine at 180 °C to form AuCl3.[36] Gold reacts with bromine at 140 °C to form gold(III) bromide, but reacts only very slowly with iodine to form the monoiodide. Gold does not react with sulfur directly,[37] but gold(III) sulfide can be made by passing hydrogen sulfide through a dilute solution of gold(III) chloride or chlorauric acid. Gold readily dissolves in mercury at room temperature to form an amalgam, and forms alloys with many other metals at higher temperatures. These alloys can be produced to modify the hardness and other metallurgical properties, to control melting point or to create exotic colors.[23] Gold is unaffected by most acids. It does not react with hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, sulfuric, or nitric acid. It does react with selenic acid, and is dissolved by aqua regia, a 1:3 mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. Nitric acid oxidizes the metal to +3 ions, but only in minute amounts, typically undetectable in the pure acid because of the chemical equilibrium of the reaction. However, the ions are removed from the equilibrium by hydrochloric acid, forming AuCl4− ions, or chloroauric acid, thereby enabling further oxidation. Gold is similarly unaffected by most bases. It does not react with aqueous, solid, or molten sodium or potassium hydroxide. It does however, react with sodium or potassium cyanide under alkaline conditions when oxygen is present to form soluble complexes.[37] Common oxidation states of gold include +1 (gold(I) or aurous compounds) and +3 (gold(III) or auric compounds). Gold ions in solution are readily reduced and precipitated as metal by adding any other metal as the reducing agent. The added metal is oxidized and dissolves, allowing the gold to be displaced from solution and be recovered as a solid precipitate. Rare oxidation states Less common oxidation states of gold include −1, +2, and +5. The −1 oxidation state occurs in aurides, compounds containing the Au−anion. Caesium auride (CsAu), for example, crystallizes in the caesium chloride motif;[38] rubidium, potassium, and tetramethylammonium aurides are also known.[39] Gold has the highest electron affinity of any metal, at 222.8 kJ/mol, making Au− a stable species.[40] Gold(II) compounds are usually diamagnetic with Au–Au bonds such as [Au(CH2)2P(C6H5)2]2Cl2. The evaporation of a solution of Au(OH) 3 in concentrated H 2SO 4 produces red crystals of gold(II) sulfate, Au2(SO4)2. Originally thought to be a mixed-valence compound, it has been shown to contain Au4+ 2 cations, analogous to the better-known mercury(I) ion, Hg2+ 2 .[41][42] A gold(II) complex, the tetraxenonogold(II) cation, which contains xenon as a ligand, occurs in [AuXe4](Sb2F11)2.[43] Gold pentafluoride, along with its derivative anion, AuF− 6, and its difluorine complex, gold heptafluoride, is the sole example of gold(V), the highest verified oxidation state.[44] Some gold compounds exhibit aurophilic bonding, which describes the tendency of gold ions to interact at distances that are too long to be a conventional Au–Au bond but shorter than van der Waals bonding. The interaction is estimated to be comparable in strength to that of a hydrogen bond. Well-defined cluster compounds are numerous.[39] In such cases, gold has a fractional oxidation state. A representative example is the octahedral species {Au(P(C6H5)3)}62+. Gold chalcogenides, such as gold sulfide, feature equal amounts of Au(I) and Au(III). Medicinal uses Medicinal applications of gold and its complexes have a long history dating back thousands of years.[45] Several gold complexes have been applied to treat rheumatoid arthritis, the most frequently used being aurothiomalate, aurothioglucose, and auranofin. Both gold(I) and gold(III) compounds have been investigated as possible anti-cancer drugs. For gold(III) complexes, reduction to gold(0/I) under physiological conditions has to be considered. Stable complexes can be generated using different types of bi-, tri-, and tetradentate ligand systems, and their efficacy has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo.[46] Origin Gold production in the Universe Schematic of a NE (left) to SW (right) cross-section through the 2.020 billion year old Vredefort impact crater in South Africa and how it distorted the contemporary geological structures. The present erosion level is shown. Johannesburg is located where the Witwatersrand Basin (the yellow layer) is exposed at the "present surface" line, just inside the crater rim, on the left. Not to scale. Gold is thought to have been produced in supernova nucleosynthesis, and from the collision of neutron stars,[47] and to have been present in the dust from which the Solar System formed.[48] Traditionally, gold in the universe is thought to have formed by the r-process (rapid neutron capture) in supernova nucleosynthesis,[49] but more recently it has been suggested that gold and other elements heavier than iron may also be produced in quantity by the r-process in the collision of neutron stars.[50] In both cases, satellite spectrometers at first only indirectly detected the resulting gold.[51] However, in August 2017, the spectrascopic signatures of heavy elements, including gold, were observed by electromagnetic observatories in the GW170817 neutron star merger event, after gravitational wave detectors confirmed the event as a neutron star merger.[52] Current astrophysical models suggest that this single neutron star merger event generated between 3 and 13 Earth masses of gold. This amount, along with estimations of the rate of occurrence of these neutron start merger events, suggests that such mergers may produce enough gold to account for most of the abundance of this element in the universe.[53] Asteroid origin theories Because the Earth was molten when it was formed, almost all of the gold present in the early Earth probably sank into the planetary core. Therefore, most of the gold that is in the Earth's crust and mantle has in one model thought to have been delivered to Earth later, by asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment, about 4 billion years ago.[54][55] Gold which is reachable by humans has, in one case, been associated with a particular asteroid impact. The asteroid that formed Vredefort crater 2.020 billion years ago is often credited with seeding the Witwatersrand basin in South Africa with the richest gold deposits on earth.[56][57][58][59] However, this scenario is now questioned. The gold-bearing Witwatersrand rocks were laid down between 700 and 950 million years before the Vredefort impact.[60][61] These gold-bearing rocks had furthermore been covered by a thick layer of Ventersdorp lavas and the Transvaal Supergroup of rocks before the meteor struck, and thus the gold did not actually arrive in the asteroid/meteorite. What the Vredefort impact achieved, however, was to distort the Witwatersrand basin in such a way that the gold-bearing rocks were brought to the present erosion surface in Johannesburg, on the Witwatersrand, just inside the rim of the original 300 km diameter crater caused by the meteor strike. The discovery of the deposit in 1886 launched the Witwatersrand Gold Rush. Some 22% of all the gold that is ascertained to exist today on Earth has been extracted from these Witwatersrand rocks.[61] Mantle return theories Notwithstanding the impact above, much of the rest of the gold on Earth is thought to have been incorporated into the planet since its very beginning, as planetesimals formed the planet's mantle, early in Earth's creation. In 2017, an international group of scientists, established that gold "came to the Earth's surface from the deepest regions of our planet",[62] the mantle, evidenced by their findings at Deseado Massif in the Argentinian Patagonia.[63][clarification needed] Occurrence On Earth, gold is found in ores in rock formed from the Precambrian time onward.[64] It most often occurs as a native metal, typically in a metal solid solution with silver (i.e. as a gold silver alloy). Such alloys usually have a silver content of 8–10%. Electrum is elemental gold with more than 20% silver. Electrum's color runs from golden-silvery to silvery, dependent upon the silver content. The more silver, the lower the specific gravity. Native gold occurs as very small to microscopic particles embedded in rock, often together with quartz or sulfide minerals such as "Fool's Gold", which is a pyrite.[65] These are called lode deposits. The metal in a native state is also found in the form of free flakes, grains or larger nuggets[64] that have been eroded from rocks and end up in alluvial deposits called placer deposits. Such free gold is always richer at the surface of gold-bearing veins[clarification needed] owing to the oxidation of accompanying minerals followed by weathering, and washing of the dust into streams and rivers, where it collects and can be welded by water action to form nuggets. Gold sometimes occurs combined with tellurium as the minerals calaverite, krennerite, nagyagite, petzite and sylvanite (see telluride minerals), and as the rare bismuthide maldonite (Au2Bi) and antimonide aurostibite (AuSb2). Gold also occurs in rare alloys with copper, lead, and mercury: the minerals auricupride (Cu3Au), novodneprite (AuPb3) and weishanite ((Au, Ag)3Hg2). Recent research suggests that microbes can sometimes play an important role in forming gold deposits, transporting and precipitating gold to form grains and nuggets that collect in alluvial deposits.[66] Another recent study has claimed water in faults vaporizes during an earthquake, depositing gold. When an earthquake strikes, it moves along a fault. Water often lubricates faults, filling in fractures and jogs. About 6 miles (10 kilometers) below the surface, under incredible temperatures and pressures, the water carries high concentrations of carbon dioxide, silica, and gold. During an earthquake, the fault jog suddenly opens wider. The water inside the void instantly vaporizes, flashing to steam and forcing silica, which forms the mineral quartz, and gold out of the fluids and onto nearby surfaces.[67] Seawater The world's oceans contain gold. Measured concentrations of gold in the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific are 50–150 femtomol/L or 10–30 parts per quadrillion (about 10–30 g/km3). In general, gold concentrations for south Atlantic and central Pacific samples are the same (~50 femtomol/L) but less certain. Mediterranean deep waters contain slightly higher concentrations of gold (100–150 femtomol/L) attributed to wind-blown dust and/or rivers. At 10 parts per quadrillion the Earth's oceans would hold 15,000 tonnes of gold.[68] These figures are three orders of magnitude less than reported in the literature prior to 1988, indicating contamination problems with the earlier data. A number of people have claimed to be able to economically recover gold from sea water, but they were either mistaken or acted in an intentional deception. Prescott Jernegan ran a gold-from-seawater swindle in the United States in the 1890s, as did an English fraudster in the early 1900s.[69]Fritz Haber did research on the extraction of gold from sea water in an effort to help pay Germany's reparations following World War I.[70] Based on the published values of 2 to 64 ppb of gold in seawater a commercially successful extraction seemed possible. After analysis of 4,000 water samples yielding an average of 0.004 ppb it became clear that extraction would not be possible and he stopped the project.[71] History An Indian tribute-bearer at Apadana, from the Achaemenid satrapy of Hindush, carrying gold on a yoke, circa 500 BC.[72] Muisca raft, between circa 600-1600 AD. The figure refers to the ceremony of the legend of El Dorado. The zipa used to cover his body in gold dust, and from his raft, he offered treasures to the Guatavita goddess in the middle of the sacred lake. This old Muisca tradition became the origin of the legend of El Dorado. This Muisca raft figure is on display in the Gold Museum, Bogotá, Colombia. The earliest recorded metal employed by humans appears to be gold, which can be found free or "native". Small amounts of natural gold have been found in Spanish caves used during the late Paleolithic period, c. 40,000 BC.[73] Gold artifacts made their first appearance at the very beginning of the pre-dynastic period in Egypt, at the end of the fifth millennium BC and the start of the fourth, and smelting was developed during the course of the 4th millennium; gold artifacts appear in the archeology of Lower Mesopotamia during the early 4th millennium.[74] Gold artifacts in the Balkans appear from the 4th millennium BC, such as those found in the Varna Necropolis near Lake Varna in Bulgaria, thought by one source (La Niece 2009) to be the earliest "well-dated" find of gold artifacts.[64] As of 1990, gold artifacts found at the Nahal Qana cave cemetery of the 4th millennium BC in West Bank (Occupied PAlestinian Territories) were the earliest from the Levant.[75] Gold artifacts such as the golden hats and the Nebra disk appeared in Central Europe from the 2nd millennium BC Bronze Age. The oldest known map of a gold mine was drawn in the 19th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt (1320–1200 BC), whereas the first written reference to gold was recorded in the 12th Dynasty around 1900 BC.[76]Egyptian hieroglyphs from as early as 2600 BC describe gold, which King Tushratta of the Mitanni claimed was "more plentiful than dirt" in Egypt.[77] Egypt and especially Nubia had the resources to make them major gold-producing areas for much of history. One of the earliest known maps, known as the Turin Papyrus Map, shows the plan of a gold mine in Nubia together with indications of the local geology. The primitive working methods are described by both Strabo and Diodorus Siculus, and included fire-setting. Large mines were also present across the Red Sea in what is now Saudi Arabia. Ancient golden Kritonios Crown, funerary or marriage material, 370–360 BC. From a grave in Armento, Campania Gold is mentioned in the Amarna letters numbered 19[78] and 26[79] from around the 14th century BC.[80][81] Gold is mentioned frequently in the Old Testament, starting with Genesis 2:11 (at Havilah), the story of the golden calf, and many parts of the temple including the Menorah and the golden altar. In the New Testament, it is included with the gifts of the magi in the first chapters of Matthew. The Book of Revelation 21:21 describes the city of New Jerusalem as having streets "made of pure gold, clear as crystal". Exploitation of gold in the south-east corner of the Black Sea is said to date from the time of Midas, and this gold was important in the establishment of what is probably the world's earliest coinage in Lydia around 610 BC.[82] The legend of the golden fleece dating from eighth century BCE may refer to the use of fleeces to trap gold dust from placer deposits in the ancient world. From the 6th or 5th century BC, the Chu (state) circulated the Ying Yuan, one kind of square gold coin. In Roman metallurgy, new methods for extracting gold on a large scale were developed by introducing hydraulic mining methods, especially in Hispania from 25 BC onwards and in Dacia from 106 AD onwards. One of their largest mines was at Las Medulas in León, where seven long aqueducts enabled them to sluice most of a large alluvial deposit. The mines at Roşia Montană in Transylvania were also very large, and until very recently, still mined by opencast methods. They also exploited smaller deposits in Britain, such as placer and hard-rock deposits at Dolaucothi. The various methods they used are well described by Pliny the Elder in his encyclopedia Naturalis Historia written towards the end of the first century AD. During Mansa Musa's (ruler of the Mali Empire from 1312 to 1337) hajj to Mecca in 1324, he passed through Cairo in July 1324, and was reportedly accompanied by a camel train that included thousands of people and nearly a hundred camels where he gave away so much gold that it depressed the price in Egypt for over a decade, causing high inflation.[83] A contemporary Arab historian remarked: Gold was at a high price in Egypt until they came in that year. The mithqal did not go below 25 dirhams and was generally above, but from that time its value fell and it cheapened in price and has remained cheap till now. The mithqal does not exceed 22 dirhams or less. This has been the state of affairs for about twelve years until this day by reason of the large amount of gold which they brought into Egypt and spent there [...]. — Chihab Al-Umari, Kingdom of Mali[84] Gold coin of Eucratides I (171–145 BC), one of the Hellenistic rulers of ancient Ai-Khanoum. This is the largest known gold coin minted in antiquity (169,20 g; 58 mm).[85] The European exploration of the Americas was fueled in no small part by reports of the gold ornaments displayed in great profusion by Native American peoples, especially in Mesoamerica, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. The Aztecs regarded gold as the product of the gods, calling it literally "god excrement" (teocuitlatl in Nahuatl), and after Moctezuma II was killed, most of this gold was shipped to Spain.[86] However, for the indigenous peoples of North America gold was considered useless and they saw much greater value in other minerals which were directly related to their utility, such as obsidian, flint, and slate.[87]El Dorado is applied to a legendary story in which precious stones were found in fabulous abundance along with gold coins. The concept of El Dorado underwent several transformations, and eventually accounts of the previous myth were also combined with those of a legendary lost city. El Dorado, was the term used by the Spanish Empire to describe a mythical tribal chief (zipa) of the Muisca native people in Colombia, who, as an initiation rite, covered himself with gold dust and submerged in Lake Guatavita. The legends surrounding El Dorado changed over time, as it went from being a man, to a city, to a kingdom, and then finally to an empire. Gold played a role in western culture, as a cause for desire and of corruption, as told in children's fables such as Rumpelstiltskin—where Rumpelstiltskin turns hay into gold for the peasant's daughter in return for her child when she becomes a princess—and the stealing of the hen that lays golden eggs in Jack and the Beanstalk. The top prize at the Olympic Games and many other sports competitions is the gold medal. 75% of the presently accounted for gold has been extracted since 1910. It has been estimated that the currently known amount of gold internationally would form a single cube 20 m (66 ft) on a side (equivalent to 8,000 m3).[88] One main goal of the alchemists was to produce gold from other substances, such as lead — presumably by the interaction with a mythical substance called the philosopher's stone. Although they never succeeded in this attempt, the alchemists did promote an interest in systematically finding out what can be done with substances, and this laid the foundation for today's chemistry. Their symbol for gold was the circle with a point at its center (☉), which was also the astrological symbol and the ancient Chinese character for the Sun. The Dome of the Rock is covered with an ultra-thin golden glassier. The Sikh Golden temple, the Harmandir Sahib, is a building covered with gold. Similarly the Wat Phra Kaew emerald Buddhist temple (wat) in Thailand has ornamental gold-leafed statues and roofs. Some European king and queen's crowns were made of gold, and gold was used for the bridal crown since antiquity. An ancient Talmudic text circa 100 AD describes Rachel, wife of Rabbi Akiva, receiving a "Jerusalem of Gold" (diadem). A Greek burial crown made of gold was found in a grave circa 370 BC. Etymology An early mention of gold in the Beowulf "Gold" is cognate with similar words in many Germanic languages, deriving via Proto-Germanic *gulþą from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- ("to shine, to gleam; to be yellow or green").[89][90] The symbol Au is from the Latin: aurum, the Latin word for "gold".[91] The Proto-Indo-European ancestor of aurum was *h₂é-h₂us-o-, meaning "glow". This word is derived from the same root (Proto-Indo-European *h₂u̯es- "to dawn") as *h₂éu̯sōs, the ancestor of the Latin word Aurora, "dawn".[92] This etymological relationship is presumably behind the frequent claim in scientific publications that aurum meant "shining dawn".[93] Culture This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Outside chemistry, gold is mentioned in a variety of expressions, most often associated with intrinsic worth.[40] Great human achievements are frequently rewarded with gold, in the form of gold medals, gold trophies and other decorations. Winners of athletic events and other graded competitions are usually awarded a gold medal. Many awards such as the Nobel Prize are made from gold as well. Other award statues and prizes are depicted in gold or are gold plated (such as the Academy Awards, the Golden Globe Awards, the Emmy Awards, the Palme d'Or, and the British Academy Film Awards). Aristotle in his ethics used gold symbolism when referring to what is now known as the golden mean. Similarly, gold is associated with perfect or divine principles, such as in the case of the golden ratio and the golden rule. Gold is further associated with the wisdom of aging and fruition. The fiftieth wedding anniversary is golden. A person's most valued or most successful latter years are sometimes considered "golden years". The height of a civilization is referred to as a golden age. In some forms of Christianity and Judaism, gold has been associated both with holiness and evil. In the Book of Exodus, the Golden Calf is a symbol of idolatry, while in the Book of Genesis, Abraham was said to be rich in gold and silver, and Moses was instructed to cover the Mercy Seat of the Ark of the Covenant with pure gold. In Byzantine iconography the halos of Christ, Mary and the Christian saints are often golden. According to Christopher Columbus, those who had something of gold were in possession of something of great value on Earth and a substance to even help souls to paradise.[94] Wedding rings are typically made of gold. It is long lasting and unaffected by the passage of time and may aid in the ring symbolism of eternal vows before God and the perfection the marriage signifies. In Orthodox Christian wedding ceremonies, the wedded couple is adorned with a golden crown (though some opt for wreaths, instead) during the ceremony, an amalgamation of symbolic rites. Production Main article: List of countries by gold production Time trend of gold production The World Gold Council states that as of the end of 2017, "there were 187,200 tonnes of stocks in existence above ground". This can be represented by a cube with an edge length of about 21 meters.[95] At $1,349 per troy ounce, 187,200 metric tonnes of gold would have a value of $8.9 trillion. According to the United States Geological Survey in 2016, about 5,726,000,000 troy ounces (178,100 t) of gold has been produced since the beginning of civilization, of which 85% remains in use.[96] In 2017, the world's largest gold producer by far was China with 440 tonnes. The second-largest producer, Australia, mined 300 tonnes in the same year, followed by Russia with 255 tonnes.[10] Mining and prospecting Main articles: Gold mining and Gold prospecting A miner underground at Pumsaint gold mine, Wales; c. 1938. Since the 1880s, South Africa has been the source of a large proportion of the world's gold supply, and about 22% of the gold presently accounted is from South Africa. Production in 1970 accounted for 79% of the world supply, about 1,480 tonnes. In 2007 China (with 276 tonnes) overtook South Africa as the world's largest gold producer, the first time since 1905 that South Africa has not been the largest.[97] As of 2017, China was the world's leading gold-mining country, followed in order by Australia, Russia, the United States, Canada, and Peru. South Africa, which had dominated world gold production for most of the 20th century, had declined to sixth place.[10] Other major producers are the Ghana, Burkina Faso, Mali, Indonesia and Uzbekistan. Relative sizes of an 860 kg block of gold ore and the 30 g of gold that can be extracted from it, Toi gold mine, Japan. In South America, the controversial project Pascua Lama aims at exploitation of rich fields in the high mountains of Atacama Desert, at the border between Chile and Argentina. Today about one-quarter of the world gold output is estimated to originate from artisanal or small scale mining.[98] The city of Johannesburg located in South Africa was founded as a result of the Witwatersrand Gold Rush which resulted in the discovery of some of the largest natural gold deposits in recorded history. The gold fields are confined to the northern and north-western edges of the Witwatersrand basin, which is a 5–7 km thick layer of archean rocks located, in most places, deep under the Free State, Gauteng and surrounding provinces.[99] These Witwatersrand rocks are exposed at the surface on the Witwatersrand, in and around Johannesburg, but also in isolated patches to the south-east and south-west of Johannesburg, as well as in an arc around the Vredefort Dome which lies close to the center of the Witwatersrand basin.[60][99] From these surface exposures the basin dips extensively, requiring some of the mining to occur at depths of nearly 4000 m, making them, especially the Savuka and TauTona mines to the south-west of Johannesburg, the deepest mines on earth. The gold is found only in six areas where archean rivers from the north and north-west formed extensive pebbly Braided river deltas before draining into the "Witwatersrand sea" where the rest of the Witwatersrand sediments were deposited.[99] The Second Boer War of 1899–1901 between the British Empire and the Afrikaner Boers was at least partly over the rights of miners and possession of the gold wealth in South Africa. During the 19th century, gold rushes occurred whenever large gold deposits were discovered. The first documented discovery of gold in the United States was at the Reed Gold Mine near Georgeville, North Carolina in 1803.[100] The first major gold strike in the United States occurred in a small north Georgia town called Dahlonega.[101] Further gold rushes occurred in California, Colorado, the Black Hills, Otago in New Zealand, Australia, Witwatersrand in South Africa, and the Klondike in Canada. Extraction and refining Main article: Gold extraction Gold jewelry consumption by country in tonnes[102][103][104] Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 India 442.37 745.70 986.3 864 974 China 376.96 428.00 921.5 817.5 1120.1 United States 150.28 128.61 199.5 161 190 Turkey 75.16 74.07 143 118 175.2 Saudi Arabia 77.75 72.95 69.1 58.5 72.2 Russia 60.12 67.50 76.7 81.9 73.3 United Arab Emirates 67.60 63.37 60.9 58.1 77.1 Egypt 56.68 53.43 36 47.8 57.3 Indonesia 41.00 32.75 55 52.3 68 United Kingdom 31.75 27.35 22.6 21.1 23.4 Other Persian Gulf Countries 24.10 21.97 22 19.9 24.6 Japan 21.85 18.50 −30.1 7.6 21.3 South Korea 18.83 15.87 15.5 12.1 17.5 Vietnam 15.08 14.36 100.8 77 92.2 Thailand 7.33 6.28 107.4 80.9 140.1 Total 1466.86 1770.71 2786.12 2477.7 3126.1 Other Countries 251.6 254.0 390.4 393.5 450.7 World Total 1718.46 2024.71 3176.52 2871.2 3576.8 Gold extraction is most economical in large, easily mined deposits. Ore grades as little as 0.5 parts per million (ppm) can be economical. Typical ore grades in open-pit mines are 1–5 ppm; ore grades in underground or hard rock mines are usually at least 3 ppm. Because ore grades of 30 ppm are usually needed before gold is visible to the naked eye, in most gold mines the gold is invisible. The average gold mining and extraction costs were about $317 per troy ounce in 2007, but these can vary widely depending on mining type and ore quality; global mine production amounted to 2,471.1 tonnes.[105] After initial production, gold is often subsequently refined industrially by the Wohlwill process which is based on electrolysis or by the Miller process, that is chlorination in the melt. The Wohlwill process results in higher purity, but is more complex and is only applied in small-scale installations.[106][107] Other methods of assaying and purifying smaller amounts of gold include parting and inquartation as well as cupellation, or refining methods based on the dissolution of gold in aqua regia.[108] Consumption The consumption of gold produced in the world is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry.[9][109] According to World Gold Council, China is the world's largest single consumer of gold in 2013 and toppled India for the first time with Chinese consumption increasing by 32 percent in a year, while that of India only rose by 13 percent and world consumption rose by 21 percent. Unlike India where gold is mainly used for jewelry, China uses gold for manufacturing and retail.[110] Pollution Further information: Mercury cycle and International Cyanide Management Code Gold production is associated with contribution to hazardous pollution.[111][112] Low-grade gold ore may contain less than one ppm gold metal; such ore is ground and mixed with sodium cyanide to dissolve the gold. Cyanide is a highly poisonous chemical, which can kill living creatures when exposed in minute quantities. Many cyanide spills[113] from gold mines have occurred in both developed and developing countries which killed aquatic life in long stretches of affected rivers. Environmentalists consider these events major environmental disasters.[114][115] Thirty tons of used ore is dumped as waste for producing one troy ounce of gold.[116] Gold ore dumps are the source of many heavy elements such as cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, arsenic, selenium and mercury. When sulfide-bearing minerals in these ore dumps are exposed to air and water, the sulfide transforms into sulfuric acid which in turn dissolves these heavy metals facilitating their passage into surface water and ground water. This process is called acid mine drainage. These gold ore dumps are long term, highly hazardous wastes second only to nuclear waste dumps.[116] It was once common to use mercury to recover gold from ore, but today the use of mercury is largely limited to small-scale individual miners.[117] Minute quantities of mercury compounds can reach water bodies, causing heavy metal contamination. Mercury can then enter into the human food chain in the form of methylmercury. Mercury poisoning in humans causes incurable brain function damage and severe retardation. Gold extraction is also a highly energy intensive industry, extracting ore from deep mines and grinding the large quantity of ore for further chemical extraction requires nearly 25 kWh of electricity per gram of gold produced.[118] Monetary use Two golden 20 kr coins from the Scandinavian Monetary Union, which was based on a gold standard. The coin to the left is Swedish and the right one is Danish. Gold has been widely used throughout the world as money,[119] for efficient indirect exchange (versus barter), and to store wealth in hoards. For exchange purposes, mints produce standardized gold bullion coins, bars and other units of fixed weight and purity. The first known coins containing gold were struck in Lydia, Asia Minor, around 600 BC.[82] The talent coin of gold in use during the periods of Grecian history both before and during the time of the life of Homer weighed between 8.42 and 8.75 grams.[120] From an earlier preference in using silver, European economies re-established the minting of gold as coinage during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.[121] Bills (that mature into gold coin) and gold certificates (convertible into gold coin at the issuing bank) added to the circulating stock of gold standard money in most 19th century industrial economies. In preparation for World War I the warring nations moved to fractional gold standards, inflating their currencies to finance the war effort. Post-war, the victorious countries, most notably Britain, gradually restored gold-convertibility, but international flows of gold via bills of exchange remained embargoed; international shipments were made exclusively for bilateral trades or to pay war reparations. After World War II gold was replaced by a system of nominally convertible currencies related by fixed exchange rates following the Bretton Woods system. Gold standards and the direct convertibility of currencies to gold have been abandoned by world governments, led in 1971 by the United States' refusal to redeem its dollars in gold. Fiat currency now fills most monetary roles. Switzerland was the last country to tie its currency to gold; it backed 40% of its value until the Swiss joined the International Monetary Fund in 1999.[122] Central banks continue to keep a portion of their liquid reserves as gold in some form, and metals exchanges such as the London Bullion Market Association still clear transactions denominated in gold, including future delivery contracts. Today, gold mining output is declining.[123] With the sharp growth of economies in the 20th century, and increasing foreign exchange, the world's gold reserves and their trading market have become a small fraction of all markets and fixed exchange rates of currencies to gold have been replaced by floating prices for gold and gold future contract. Though the gold stock grows by only 1 or 2% per year, very little metal is irretrievably consumed. Inventory above ground would satisfy many decades of industrial and even artisan uses at current prices. The gold proportion (fineness) of alloys is measured by karat (k). Pure gold (commercially termed fine gold) is designated as 24 karat, abbreviated 24k. English gold coins intended for circulation from 1526 into the 1930s were typically a standard 22k alloy called crown gold,[124] for hardness (American gold coins for circulation after 1837 contain an alloy of 0.900 fine gold, or 21.6 kt).[125] Although the prices of some platinum group metals can be much higher, gold has long been considered the most desirable of precious metals, and its value has been used as the standard for many currencies. Gold has been used as a symbol for purity, value, royalty, and particularly roles that combine these properties. Gold as a sign of wealth and prestige was ridiculed by Thomas More in his treatise Utopia. On that imaginary island, gold is so abundant that it is used to make chains for slaves, tableware, and lavatory seats. When ambassadors from other countries arrive, dressed in ostentatious gold jewels and badges, the Utopians mistake them for menial servants, paying homage instead to the most modestly dressed of their party. The ISO 4217 currency code of gold is XAU.[126] Many holders of gold store it in form of bullion coins or bars as a hedge against inflation or other economic disruptions, though its efficacy as such has been questioned; historically, it has not proven itself reliable as a hedging instrument.[127] Modern bullion coins for investment or collector purposes do not require good mechanical wear properties; they are typically fine gold at 24k, although the American Gold Eagle and the British gold sovereign continue to be minted in 22k (0.92) metal in historical tradition, and the South African Krugerrand, first released in 1967, is also 22k (0.92).[128] The special issue Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin contains the highest purity gold of any bullion coin, at 99.999% or 0.99999, while the popular issue Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin has a purity of 99.99%. In 2006, the United States Mint began producing the American Buffalo gold bullion coin with a purity of 99.99%. The Australian Gold Kangaroos were first coined in 1986 as the Australian Gold Nugget but changed the reverse design in 1989. Other modern coins include the Austrian Vienna Philharmonic bullion coin and the Chinese Gold Panda. Price Further information: Gold as an investment Gold price history in 1960–2011 As of September 2017, gold is valued at around $42 per gram ($1,300 per troy ounce). Like other precious metals, gold is measured by troy weight and by grams. The proportion of gold in the alloy is measured by karat (k), with 24 karat (24k) being pure gold, and lower karat numbers proportionally less. The purity of a gold bar or coin can also be expressed as a decimal figure ranging from 0 to 1, known as the millesimal fineness, such as 0.995 being nearly pure. The price of gold is determined through trading in the gold and derivatives markets, but a procedure known as the Gold Fixing in London, originating in September 1919, provides a daily benchmark price to the industry. The afternoon fixing was introduced in 1968 to provide a price when US markets are open.[129] History Historically gold coinage was widely used as currency; when paper money was introduced, it typically was a receipt redeemable for gold coin or bullion. In a monetary system known as the gold standard, a certain weight of gold was given the name of a unit of currency. For a long period, the United States government set the value of the US dollar so that one troy ounce was equal to $20.67 ($0.665 per gram), but in 1934 the dollar was devalued to $35.00 per troy ounce ($0.889/g). By 1961, it was becoming hard to maintain this price, and a pool of US and European banks agreed to manipulate the market to prevent further currency devaluation against increased gold demand.[130] On 17 March 1968, economic circumstances caused the collapse of the gold pool, and a two-tiered pricing scheme was established whereby gold was still used to settle international accounts at the old $35.00 per troy ounce ($1.13/g) but the price of gold on the private market was allowed to fluctuate; this two-tiered pricing system was abandoned in 1975 when the price of gold was left to find its free-market level.[citation needed]Central banks still hold historical gold reserves as a store of value although the level has generally been declining.[citation needed] The largest gold depository in the world is that of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank in New York, which holds about 3%[131] of the gold known to exist and accounted for today, as does the similarly laden U.S. Bullion Depository at Fort Knox. In 2005 the World Gold Council estimated total global gold supply to be 3,859 tonnes and demand to be 3,754 tonnes, giving a surplus of 105 tonnes.[132] After 15 August 1971 Nixon shock, the price began to greatly increase,[133] and between 1968 and 2000 the price of gold ranged widely, from a high of $850 per troy ounce ($27.33/g) on 21 January 1980, to a low of $252.90 per troy ounce ($8.13/g) on 21 June 1999 (London Gold Fixing).[134] Prices increased rapidly from 2001, but the 1980 high was not exceeded until 3 January 2008, when a new maximum of $865.35 per troy ounce was set.[135] Another record price was set on 17 March 2008, at $1023.50 per troy ounce ($32.91/g).[135] In late 2009, gold markets experienced renewed momentum upwards due to increased demand and a weakening US dollar.[citation needed] On 2 December 2009, gold reached a new high closing at $1,217.23.[136] Gold further rallied hitting new highs in May 2010 after the European Union debt crisis prompted further purchase of gold as a safe asset.[137][138] On 1 March 2011, gold hit a new all-time high of $1432.57, based on investor concerns regarding ongoing unrest in North Africa as well as in the Middle East.[139] From April 2001 to August 2011, spot gold prices more than quintupled in value against the US dollar, hitting a new all-time high of $1,913.50 on 23 August 2011,[140] prompting speculation that the long secular bear market had ended and a bull market had returned.[141] However, the price then began a slow decline towards $1200 per troy ounce in late 2014 and 2015. Other applications Jewelry Moche gold necklace depicting feline heads. Larco Museum Collection, Lima, Peru. Because of the softness of pure (24k) gold, it is usually alloyed with base metals for use in jewelry, altering its hardness and ductility, melting point, color and other properties. Alloys with lower karat rating, typically 22k, 18k, 14k or 10k, contain higher percentages of copper or other base metals or silver or palladium in the alloy.[23] Nickel is toxic, and its release from nickel white gold is controlled by legislation in Europe.[23] Palladium-gold alloys are more expensive than those using nickel.[142] High-karat white gold alloys are more resistant to corrosion than are either pure silver or sterling silver. The Japanese craft of Mokume-gane exploits the color contrasts between laminated colored gold alloys to produce decorative wood-grain effects. By 2014, the gold jewelry industry was escalating despite a dip in gold prices. Demand in the first quarter of 2014 pushed turnover to $23.7 billion according to a World Gold Council report. Gold solder is used for joining the components of gold jewelry by high-temperature hard soldering or brazing. If the work is to be of hallmarking quality, the gold solder alloy must match the fineness (purity) of the work, and alloy formulas are manufactured to color-match yellow and white gold. Gold solder is usually made in at least three melting-point ranges referred to as Easy, Medium and Hard. By using the hard, high-melting point solder first, followed by solders with progressively lower melting points, goldsmiths can assemble complex items with several separate soldered joints. Gold can also be made into thread and used in embroidery. Electronics Only 10% of the world consumption of new gold produced goes to industry,[9] but by far the most important industrial use for new gold is in fabrication of corrosion-free electrical connectors in computers and other electrical devices. For example, according to the World Gold Council, a typical cell phone may contain 50 mg of gold, worth about 50 cents. But since nearly one billion cell phones are produced each year, a gold value of 50 cents in each phone adds to $500 million in gold from just this application.[143] Though gold is attacked by free chlorine, its good conductivity and general resistance to oxidation and corrosion in other environments (including resistance to non-chlorinated acids) has led to its widespread industrial use in the electronic era as a thin-layer coating on electrical connectors, thereby ensuring good connection. For example, gold is used in the connectors of the more expensive electronics cables, such as audio, video and USB cables. The benefit of using gold over other connector metals such as tin in these applications has been debated; gold connectors are often criticized by audio-visual experts as unnecessary for most consumers and seen as simply a marketing ploy. However, the use of gold in other applications in electronic sliding contacts in highly humid or corrosive atmospheres, and in use for contacts with a very high failure cost (certain computers, communications equipment, spacecraft, jet aircraft engines) remains very common.[144] Besides sliding electrical contacts, gold is also used in electrical contacts because of its resistance to corrosion, electrical conductivity, ductility and lack of toxicity.[145] Switch contacts are generally subjected to more intense corrosion stress than are sliding contacts. Fine gold wires are used to connect semiconductor devices to their packages through a process known as wire bonding. The concentration of free electrons in gold metal is 5.91×1022 cm−3.[146] Gold is highly conductive to electricity, and has been used for electrical wiring in some high-energy applications (only silver and copper are more conductive per volume, but gold has the advantage of corrosion resistance). For example, gold electrical wires were used during some of the Manhattan Project's atomic experiments, but large high-current silver wires were used in the calutron isotope separator magnets in the project. It is estimated that 16% of the world's gold and 22% of the world's silver is contained in electronic technology in Japan.[147] Medicine Metallic and gold compounds have long been used for medicinal purposes. Gold, usually as the metal, is perhaps the most anciently administered medicine (apparently by shamanic practitioners)[148] and known to Dioscorides.[149][150] In medieval times, gold was often seen as beneficial for the health, in the belief that something so rare and beautiful could not be anything but healthy. Even some modern esotericists and forms of alternative medicine assign metallic gold a healing power. In the 19th century gold had a reputation as a "nervine", a therapy for nervous disorders. Depression, epilepsy, migraine, and glandular problems such as amenorrhea and impotence were treated, and most notably alcoholism (Keeley, 1897).[151] The apparent paradox of the actual toxicology of the substance suggests the possibility of serious gaps in the understanding of the action of gold in physiology.[152] Only salts and radioisotopes of gold are of pharmacological value, since elemental (metallic) gold is inert to all chemicals it encounters inside the body (i.e., ingested gold cannot be attacked by stomach acid). Some gold salts do have anti-inflammatory properties and at present two are still used as pharmaceuticals in the treatment of arthritis and other similar conditions in the US (sodium aurothiomalate and auranofin). These drugs have been explored as a means to help to reduce the pain and swelling of rheumatoid arthritis, and also (historically) against tuberculosis and some parasites.[153] Gold alloys are used in restorative dentistry, especially in tooth restorations, such as crowns and permanent bridges. The gold alloys' slight malleability facilitates the creation of a superior molar mating surface with other teeth and produces results that are generally more satisfactory than those produced by the creation of porcelain crowns. The use of gold crowns in more prominent teeth such as incisors is favored in some cultures and discouraged in others. Colloidal gold preparations (suspensions of gold nanoparticles) in water are intensely red-colored, and can be made with tightly controlled particle sizes up to a few tens of nanometers across by reduction of gold chloride with citrate or ascorbate ions. Colloidal gold is used in research applications in medicine, biology and materials science. The technique of immunogold labeling exploits the ability of the gold particles to adsorb protein molecules onto their surfaces. Colloidal gold particles coated with specific antibodies can be used as probes for the presence and position of antigens on the surfaces of cells.[154] In ultrathin sections of tissues viewed by electron microscopy, the immunogold labels appear as extremely dense round spots at the position of the antigen.[155] Gold, or alloys of gold and palladium, are applied as conductive coating to biological specimens and other non-conducting materials such as plastics and glass to be viewed in a scanning electron microscope. The coating, which is usually applied by sputtering with an argon plasma, has a triple role in this application. Gold's very high electrical conductivity drains electrical charge to earth, and its very high density provides stopping power for electrons in the electron beam, helping to limit the depth to which the electron beam penetrates the specimen. This improves definition of the position and topography of the specimen surface and increases the spatial resolution of the image. Gold also produces a high output of secondary electrons when irradiated by an electron beam, and these low-energy electrons are the most commonly used signal source used in the scanning electron microscope.[156] The isotope gold-198 (half-life 2.7 days) is used in nuclear medicine, in some cancer treatments and for treating other diseases.[157][158] Cuisine Cake with gold decoration served at the Amstel Hotel, Amsterdam Gold can be used in food and has the E number 175.[159] In 2016, the European Food Safety Authority published an opinion on the re-evaluation of gold as a food additive. Concerns included the possible presence of minute amounts of gold nanoparticles in the food additive, and that gold nanoparticles have been shown to be genotoxic in mammalian cells in vitro.[160] Gold leaf, flake or dust is used on and in some gourmet foods, notably sweets and drinks as decorative ingredient.[161] Gold flake was used by the nobility in medieval Europe as a decoration in food and drinks,[162] in the form of leaf, flakes or dust, either to demonstrate the host's wealth or in the belief that something that valuable and rare must be beneficial for one's health.[citation needed] Danziger Goldwasser (German: Gold water of Danzig) or Goldwasser (English: Goldwater) is a traditional German herbal liqueur[163] produced in what is today Gdańsk, Poland, and Schwabach, Germany, and contains flakes of gold leaf. There are also some expensive (c. $1000) cocktails which contain flakes of gold leaf. However, since metallic gold is inert to all body chemistry, it has no taste, it provides no nutrition, and it leaves the body unaltered.[164] Vark is a foil composed of a pure metal that is sometimes gold,[165] and is used for garnishing sweets in South Asian cuisine. Miscellanea Mirror for the James Webb Space Telescope coated in gold to reflect infrared light Gold produces a deep, intense red color when used as a coloring agent in cranberry glass. In photography, gold toners are used to shift the color of silver bromide black-and-white prints towards brown or blue tones, or to increase their stability. Used on sepia-toned prints, gold toners produce red tones. Kodak published formulas for several types of gold toners, which use gold as the chloride.[166] Gold is a good reflector of electromagnetic radiation such as infrared and visible light, as well as radio waves. It is used for the protective coatings on many artificial satellites, in infrared protective faceplates in thermal-protection suits and astronauts' helmets, and in electronic warfare planes such as the EA-6B Prowler. Gold is used as the reflective layer on some high-end CDs. Automobiles may use gold for heat shielding. McLaren uses gold foil in the engine compartment of its F1 model.[167] Gold can be manufactured so thin that it appears semi-transparent. It is used in some aircraft cockpit windows for de-icing or anti-icing by passing electricity through it. The heat produced by the resistance of the gold is enough to prevent ice from forming.[168] Gold is attacked by and dissolves in alkaline solutions of potassium or sodium cyanide, to form the salt gold cyanide—a technique that has been used in extracting metallic gold from ores in the cyanide process. Gold cyanide is the electrolyte used in commercial electroplating of gold onto base metals and electroforming. Gold chloride (chloroauric acid) solutions are used to make colloidal gold by reduction with citrate or ascorbate ions. Gold chloride and gold oxide are used to make cranberry or red-colored glass, which, like colloidal gold suspensions, contains evenly sized spherical gold nanoparticles.[169] Gold, when dispersed in nanoparticles, can act as a heterogeneous catalyst of chemical reactions. Toxicity Pure metallic (elemental) gold is non-toxic and non-irritating when ingested[170] and is sometimes used as a food decoration in the form of gold leaf.[171] Metallic gold is also a component of the alcoholic drinks Goldschläger, Gold Strike, and Goldwasser. Metallic gold is approved as a food additive in the EU (E175 in the Codex Alimentarius). Although the gold ion is toxic, the acceptance of metallic gold as a food additive is due to its relative chemical inertness, and resistance to being corroded or transformed into soluble salts (gold compounds) by any known chemical process which would be encountered in the human body. Soluble compounds (gold salts) such as gold chloride are toxic to the liver and kidneys. Common cyanide salts of gold such as potassium gold cyanide, used in gold electroplating, are toxic by virtue of both their cyanide and gold content. There are rare cases of lethal gold poisoning from potassium gold cyanide.[172][173] Gold toxicity can be ameliorated with chelation therapy with an agent such as dimercaprol. Gold metal was voted Allergen of the Year in 2001 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society; gold contact allergies affect mostly women.[174] Despite this, gold is a relatively non-potent contact allergen, in comparison with metals like nickel.[175] A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes, such as gold, silver, copper iron and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides.[176] See also Iron pyrite or "fool's gold" Bulk leach extractable gold Chrysiasis (dermatological condition) Commodity fetishism (Marxist economic theory) Digital gold currency GFMS consultancy Gold fingerprinting Gold phosphine complex Gold Prospectors Association of America List of countries by gold production Mining in Roman Britain Prospecting Tumbaga Iron pyrite References Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. Mézaille, Nicolas; Avarvari, Narcis; Maigrot, Nicole; Ricard, Louis; Mathey, François; Le Floch, Pascal; Cataldo, Laurent; Berclaz, Théo; Geoffroy, Michel (1999). "Gold(I) and Gold(0) Complexes of Phosphinine‐Based Macrocycles". Angewandte Chemie International Edition (21): 3194–3197. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991102)38:21<3194::AID-ANIE3194>3.0.CO;2-O. Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5. Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4. Kelly, P. F. (2015). Properties of Materials. CRC Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-1-4822-0624-1. Duckenfield, Mark (2016). The Monetary History of Gold: A Documentary History, 1660–1999. Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 9781315476124. Its scarcity makes it a useful store of value; however, its relative rarity reduced its utility as a currency, especially for transactions in small denominations. Pearce, Susan M. (1993). Museums, Objects, and Collections: A Cultural Study. Smithsonian Books. p. 53. ISBN 9781588345172. Its scarcity makes it a useful store of value; however, its relative rarity reduced its utility as a currency, especially for transactions in small denominations. ... Rarity is, nevertheless, in itself a source of value, and so is the degree of difficulty which surrounds the winning of the raw material, especially if it is exotic and has to be brought some distance. Gold is, geologically, a relatively rare material on earth and occurs only in specific places which are remote from most other places. "Gold supply". gold.org. Retrieved 26 December 2016. Soos, Andy (6 January 2011). "Gold Mining Boom Increasing Mercury Pollution Risk". Advanced Media Solutions, Inc. Oilprice.com. Retrieved 26 March 2011. "Gold" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries. 2018. Che Lah, Nurul Akmal and Trigueros, Sonia (2019). "Synthesis and modelling of the mechanical properties of Ag, Au and Cu nanowires". Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 20 (1): 225–261. doi:10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145. PMC 6442207. PMID 30956731. "Gold: causes of color". Retrieved 6 June 2009. Mallan, Lloyd (1971). Suiting up for space: the evolution of the space suit. John Day Co. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-381-98150-1. Gray, Theo (14 March 2008). "How to Make Convincing Fake-Gold Bars". Popular Science. Retrieved 18 June 2008. Willie, Jim (18 November 2009) "Zinc Dimes, Tungsten Gold & Lost Respect". Kitco "Largest Private Refinery Discovers Gold-Plated Tungsten Bar | Coin Update". news.coinupdate.com. Reuters (22 December 1983). "Austrians Seize False Gold Tied to London Bullion Theft". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 March 2012. Tungsten filled Gold bars, ABC Bullion, Thursday, 22 March 2012 Arblaster, J. W. (1995). "Osmium, the Densest Metal Known" (PDF). Platinum Metals Review. 39 (4): 164. Encyclopædia of Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical, and Analytical, as Applied to the Arts and Manufacturers: Glass-zinc. J.B. Lippincott & Company. 1880. pp. 70–. "Relativity in Chemistry". Math.ucr.edu. Retrieved 5 April 2009. Schmidbaur, Hubert; Cronje, Stephanie; Djordjevic, Bratislav; Schuster, Oliver (2005). "Understanding gold chemistry through relativity". Chemical Physics. 311 (1–2): 151–161. Bibcode:2005CP....311..151S. doi:10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.09.023. Jewellery Alloys. World Gold Council Electron Microscopy in Microbiology. Academic Press. 1988. ISBN 978-0-08-086049-7. "Nudat 2". National Nuclear Data Center. Retrieved 12 April 2012. Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 Miethe, A. (1924). "Der Zerfall des Quecksilberatoms". Die Naturwissenschaften. 12 (29): 597–598. Bibcode:1924NW.....12..597M. doi:10.1007/BF01505547. Sherr, R.; Bainbridge, K. T. & Anderson, H. H. (1941). "Transmutation of Mercury by Fast Neutrons". Physical Review. 60 (7): 473–479. Bibcode:1941PhRv...60..473S. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.60.473. Hammer, B.; Norskov, J. K. (1995). "Why gold is the noblest of all the metals". Nature. 376 (6537): 238–240. Bibcode:1995Natur.376..238H. doi:10.1038/376238a0. Johnson, P. B.; Christy, R. W. (1972). "Optical Constants of the Noble Metals". Physical Review B. 6 (12): 4370–4379. Bibcode:1972PhRvB...6.4370J. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.6.4370. Shaw III, C. F. (1999). "Gold-Based Medicinal Agents". Chemical Reviews. 99 (9): 2589–2600. doi:10.1021/cr980431o. PMID 11749494. "Chemistry of Oxygen". Chemwiki UC Davis. 2 October 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2016. Craig, B. D.; Anderson, D. B., eds. (1995). Handbook of Corrosion Data. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. p. 587. ISBN 978-0-87170-518-1. Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils & Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001). Inorganic Chemistry (101st ed.). Academic Press. p. 1286. ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9. Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. Academic Press. p. 404. ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9. Wiberg, Wiberg & Holleman 2001, pp. 1286–1287 "Wayback Machine" (PDF). 10 November 2004. Archived from the original on 10 November 2004. Jansen, Martin (2005). "Effects of relativistic motion of electrons on the chemistry of gold and platinum". Solid State Sciences. 7 (12): 1464–1474. Bibcode:2005SSSci...7.1464J. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2005.06.015. Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9. Jansen, Martin (2008). "The chemistry of gold as an anion". Chemical Society Reviews. 37 (9): 1826–1835. doi:10.1039/b708844m. PMID 18762832. Wickleder, Mathias S. (2001). "AuSO4: A True Gold(II) Sulfate with an Au24+ Ion". Journal of Inorganic and General Chemistry. 627 (9): 2112–2114. doi:10.1002/1521-3749(200109)627:9<2112::AID-ZAAC2112>3.0.CO;2-2. Wickleder, Mathias S. (2007). Devillanova, Francesco A. (ed.). Handbook of chalcogen chemistry: new perspectives in sulfur, selenium and tellurium. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 359–361. ISBN 978-0-85404-366-8. Seidel, S.; Seppelt, K. (2000). "Xenon as a Complex Ligand: The Tetra Xenono Gold(II) Cation in AuXe42+(Sb2F11−)2". Science. 290 (5489): 117–118. Bibcode:2000Sci...290..117S. doi:10.1126/science.290.5489.117. PMID 11021792. Riedel, S.; Kaupp, M. (2006). "Revising the Highest Oxidation States of the 5d Elements: The Case of Iridium(+VII)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45 (22): 3708–3711. doi:10.1002/anie.200600274. PMID 16639770. Berners-Price, Susan J. (2011) [2011]. "Gold-Based Therapeutic Agents: A New Perspective". In Alessio, E. (ed.). Bioinorganic Medicinal Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. pp. 197–221. doi:10.1002/9783527633104.ch7. ISBN 9783527633104. Casini, Angela; Wai-Yin-Sun, Raymond; Ott, Ingo (2018). "Chapter 7. Medicinal Chemistry of Gold Anticancer Metallodrugs". In Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut; Freisinger, Eva; Sigel, Roland K. O. (eds.). Metallo-Drugs:Development and Action of Anticancer Agents. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 18. pp. 199–217. doi:10.1515/9783110470734-013. ISBN 9783110470734. PMID 29394026. "Earth's Gold Came from Colliding Dead Stars". David A. Aguilar & Christine Pulliam. cfa.harvard.edu. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2018. Seeger, Philip A.; Fowler, William A.; Clayton, Donald D. (1965). "Nucleosynthesis of Heavy Elements by Neutron Capture". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 11: 121. Bibcode:1965ApJS...11..121S. doi:10.1086/190111. "Supernovas & Supernova Remnants". Chandra X-ray Observatory. Retrieved 28 February 2014. Berger, E.; Fong, W.; Chornock, R. (2013). "An r-process Kilonova Associated with the Short-hard GRB 130603B". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 774 (2): 4. arXiv:1306.3960. Bibcode:2013ApJ...774L..23B. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/774/2/L23. "we have no spectroscopic evidence that [such] elements have truly been produced," wrote author Stephan Rosswog.Rosswog, Stephan (29 August 2013). "Astrophysics: Radioactive glow as a smoking gun". Nature. 500 (7464): 535–536. Bibcode:2013Natur.500..535R. doi:10.1038/500535a. PMID 23985867. "LIGO and Virgo make first detection of gravitational waves produced by colliding neutron stars" (PDF). LIGO & Virgo collaborations. 16 October 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2018. "Neutron star mergers may create much of the universe's gold". Sid Perkins. Science AAAS. 20 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018. Willbold, Matthias; Elliott, Tim; Moorbath, Stephen (2011). "The tungsten isotopic composition of the Earth's mantle before the terminal bombardment". Nature. 477 (7363): 195–8. Bibcode:2011Natur.477..195W. doi:10.1038/nature10399. PMID 21901010. Battison, Leila (8 September 2011). "Meteorites delivered gold to Earth". BBC. "Mangalisa Project". Superior Mining International Corporation. Retrieved 29 December 2014. Therriault, A. M.; Grieve, R. A. F. & Reimold, W. U. (1997). "Original size of the Vredefort Structure: Implications for the geological evolution of the Witwatersrand Basin". Meteoritics. 32: 71–77. Bibcode:1997M&PS...32...71T. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01242.x. Meteor craters may hold untapped wealth. Cosmos Magazine (28 July 2008). Retrieved on 12 September 2013. Corner, B.; Durrheim, R. J.; Nicolaysen, L. O. (1990). "Relationships between the Vredefort structure and the Witwatersrand basin within the tectonic framework of the Kaapvaal craton as interpreted from regional gravity and aeromagnetic data". Tectonophysics. 171 (1): 49–61. Bibcode:1990Tectp.171...49C. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(90)90089-Q. McCarthy, T., Rubridge, B. (2005). The Story of Earth and Life. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. pp. 89–90, 102–107, 134–136. ISBN 1 77007 148 2 Norman, N., Whitfield, G. (2006) Geological Journeys. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. pp. 38–49, 60–61. ISBN 9781770070622 University of Granada (21 November 2017). "Scientists reveals the mystery about the origin of gold". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 27 March 2018. Tassara, Santiago; González-Jiménez, José M.; Reich, Martin; Schilling, Manuel E.; Morata, Diego; Begg, Graham; Saunders, Edward; Griffin, William L.; O’Reilly, Suzanne Y.; Grégoire, Michel; Barra, Fernando; Corgne, Alexandre (2017). "Plume-subduction interaction forms large auriferous provinces". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 843. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8..843T. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00821-z. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5634996. PMID 29018198. La Niece, Susan (senior metallurgist in the British Museum Department of Conservation and Scientific Research) (15 December 2009). Gold. Harvard University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-674-03590-4. Retrieved 10 April 2012. Heike, Brian. "Formation of Lode Gold Deposits". Arizona Gold Prospectors. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. "Environment & Nature News – Bugs grow gold that looks like coral". abc.net.au. 28 January 2004. Retrieved 22 July 2006. This is doctoral research undertaken by Frank Reith at the Australian National University, published 2004. "Earthquakes Turn Water into Gold|18 March 2013". Retrieved 18 March 2013. Kenison Falkner, K.; Edmond, J. (1990). "Gold in seawater". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 98 (2): 208–221. Bibcode:1990E&PSL..98..208K. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(90)90060-B. Plazak, Dan A Hole in the Ground with a Liar at the Top (Salt Lake: Univ. of Utah Press, 2006) ISBN 0-87480-840-5 (contains a chapter on gold-from seawater swindles) Haber, F. (1927). "Das Gold im Meerwasser". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie. 40 (11): 303–314. doi:10.1002/ange.19270401103. McHugh, J. B. (1988). "Concentration of gold in natural waters". Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 30 (1–3): 85–94. doi:10.1016/0375-6742(88)90051-9.[permanent dead link] "Furthermore the second member of Delegation XVIII is carrying four small but evidently heavy jars on a yoke, probably containing the gold dust which was the tribute paid by the Indians." in Iran, Délégation archéologique française en (1972). Cahiers de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran. Institut français de recherches en Iran (section archéologique). p. 146. "History of Gold". Gold Digest. Retrieved 4 February 2007. Sutherland, C.H.V, Gold (London, Thames & Hudson, 1959) p 27 ff. Gopher, A.; Tsuk, T.; Shalev, S. & Gophna, R. (August–October 1990). "Earliest Gold Artifacts in the Levant". Current Anthropology. 31 (4): 436–443. doi:10.1086/203868. JSTOR 2743275. Pohl, Walter L. (2011) Economic Geology Principles and Practice. Wiley. p. 208. doi:10.1002/9781444394870.ch2. ISBN 9781444394870 Montserrat, Dominic (21 February 2003). Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt. ISBN 978-0-415-30186-2. Moran, William L., 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters, pp. 43–46. Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. EA 245, "To the Queen Mother: Some Missing Gold Statues", pp. 84–86. "Akhenaten". Encyclopaedia Britannica Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05128-3 "A Case for the World's Oldest Coin: Lydian Lion". Rg.ancients.info. 2 October 2003. Retrieved 27 October 2013. Mansa Musa. Black History Pages "Kingdom of Mali – Primary Source Documents". African studies Center. Boston University. Retrieved 30 January 2012. Monnaie, Eucratide I. (roi de Bactriane) Autorité émettrice de. [Monnaie : 20 Statères, Or, Incertain, Bactriane, Eucratide I]. Berdan, Frances; Anawalt, Patricia Rieff (1992). The Codex Mendoza. 2. University of California Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-520-06234-4. Sierra Nevada Virtual Museum. Sierra Nevada Virtual Museum. Retrieved on 4 May 2012. "Yearly Gold Production in metric tonnes (1900–2004)". Goldsheet Mining Directory. Archived from the original on 12 June 2006. Retrieved 22 July 2006. Harper, Douglas. "gold". Online Etymology Dictionary. Hesse, R W. (2007) Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia, Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313335079 Notre Dame University Latin Dictionary Retrieved 7 June 2012 de Vaan, Michel (2008). Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages. Leiden: Boston: Brill. p. 63. ISBN 978-90-04-16797-1. Christie, A and Brathwaite, R. (Last updated 2 November 2011) Mineral Commodity Report 14 — Gold, Institute of geological and Nuclear sciences Ltd – Retrieved 7 June 2012 Bernstein, Peter L. (2004). The Power of Gold: The History of an Obsession. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-471-43659-1. "Gold Supply – Mining & Recycling". World Gold Council. Munteen, John L.; Davis, David A.; Ayling, Bridget (2017). The Nevada Mineral Industry 2016 (PDF) (Report). University of Nevada, Reno. OCLC 1061602920. Retrieved 9 February 2019. Mandaro, Laura (17 January 2008). "China now world's largest gold producer; foreign miners at door". MarketWatch. Retrieved 5 April 2009. Beinhoff, Christian. "Removal of Barriers to the Abatement of Global Mercury Pollution from Artisanal Gold Mining" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2014. Truswell, J.F. (1977). The Geological Evolution of South Africa. pp. 21–28. Purnell, Cape Town. ISBN 9780360002906 Moore, Mark A. (2006). "Reed Gold Mine State Historic Site". North Carolina Office of Archives and History. Retrieved 13 December 2008. Garvey, Jane A. (2006). "Road to adventure". Georgia Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2007. "Gold jewellery consumption by country". Reuters. 28 February 2011. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. "Gold Demand Trends | Investment | World Gold Council". Gold.org. Retrieved 12 September 2013. "Gold Demand Trends". 12 November 2015. O'Connell, Rhona (13 April 2007). "Gold mine production costs up by 17% in 2006 while output fell". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Noyes, Robert (1993). Pollution prevention technology handbook. William Andrew. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-8155-1311-7. Pletcher, Derek & Walsh, Frank (1990). Industrial electrochemistry. Springer. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-412-30410-1. Marczenko, Zygmunt & María, Balcerzak (2000). Separation, preconcentration, and spectrophotometry in inorganic analysis. Elsevier. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-444-50524-8. "Country wise gold demand". Retrieved 2 October 2015. Harjani, Ansuya (18 February 2014). "It's official: China overtakes India as top consumer of gold". Retrieved 2 July 2014. Abdul-Wahab, Sabah Ahmed; Ameer, Marikar, Fouzul (24 October 2011). "The environmental impact of gold mines: pollution by heavy metals". Central European Journal of Engineering. 2 (2): 304–313. Bibcode:2012CEJE....2..304A. doi:10.2478/s13531-011-0052-3. Summit declaration, Peoples' Gold summit, San Juan Ridge, California in June 1999. Scribd.com (22 February 2012). Retrieved on 4 May 2012. Cyanide spills from gold mine compared to Chernobyls nuclear disaster. Deseretnews.com (14 February 2000). Retrieved on 4 May 2012. Death of a river. BBC News (15 February 2000). Retrieved on 4 May 2012. Cyanide spill second only to Chernobyl. Abc.net.au. 11 February 2000. Retrieved on 4 May 2012. Behind gold's glitter, torn lands and pointed questions, New York Times, 24 October 2005 "Pollution from Artisanal Gold Mining, Blacksmith Institute Report 2012" (PDF). Retrieved 22 September 2015. Norgate, Terry; Haque, Nawshad (2012). "Using life cycle assessment to evaluate some environmental impacts of gold". Journal of Cleaner Production. 29–30: 53–63. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.01.042. Rothbard, Murray N. (2009). Man, Economy, and State, Scholar's Edition. Ludwig von Mises Institute. ISBN 978-1-933550-99-2. Seltman, C. T. (1924). Athens, Its History and Coinage Before the Persian Invasion. ISBN 978-0-87184-308-1. Retrieved 4 June 2012. Postan, M. M.; Miller, E. (1967). The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Trade and industry in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press, 28 August 1987. ISBN 978-0-521-08709-4. "Swiss Narrowly Vote to Drop Gold Standard". The New York Times. 19 April 1999. King, Byron (20 July 2009). "Gold mining decline". BullionVault.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2009. Lawrence, Thomas Edward (1948). The Mint: A Day-book of the R.A.F. Depot Between August and December 1922, with Later Notes. p. 103. Tucker, George (1839). The theory of money and banks investigated. C. C. Little and J. Brown. "Currency codes – ISO 4217". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 25 December 2014. Valenta, Philip (22 June 2018). "On hedging inflation with gold". Medium. Retrieved 30 November 2018. "The Ever Popular Krugerrand". americansilvereagletoday.com. 2010. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011. Warwick-Ching, Tony (28 February 1993). The International Gold Trade. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-85573-072-4. Elwell, Craig K. (2011). Brief History of the Gold Standard (GS) in the United States. pp. 11–13. ISBN 978-1-4379-8889-5. Hitzer, Eckhard; Perwass, Christian (22 November 2006). "The hidden beauty of gold" (PDF). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Advanced Mechanical and Power Engineering 2007 (ISAMPE 2007) between Pukyong National University (Korea), University of Fukui (Japan) and University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (China), 22–25 November 2006, hosted by the University of Fukui (Japan), pp. 157–167. (Figs 15,16,17,23 revised.). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2011. "World Gold Council > value > research & statistics > statistics > supply and demand statistics". Archived from the original on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 22 July 2006. "historical charts:gold – 1833–1999 yearly averages". kitco. Retrieved 30 June 2012. Kitco.com, Gold – London PM Fix 1975 – present (GIF), Retrieved 22 July 2006. "LBMA statistics". Lbma.org.uk. 31 December 2008. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2009. "Gold hits yet another record high". BBC News. 2 December 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2009. "PRECIOUS METALS: Comex Gold Hits All-Time High". The Wall Street Journal. 11 May 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2010.[dead link] Gibson, Kate; Chang, Sue (11 May 2010). "Gold futures hit closing record as investors fret rescue deal". MarketWatch. Retrieved 4 August 2010. Valetkevitch, Caroline (1 March 2011). "Gold hits record, oil jumps with Libya unrest". Reuters. Retrieved 1 March 2011. Sim, Glenys (23 August 2011). "Gold Extends Biggest Decline in 18 Months After CME Raises Futures Margins". www.bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2011. "Financial Planning|Gold starts 2006 well, but this is not a 25-year high!". Ameinfo.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2009. Revere, Alan (1 May 1991). Professional goldsmithing: a contemporary guide to traditional jewelry techniques. Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 978-0-442-23898-8. Uses of gold Accessed 4 November 2014 Krech III, Shepard; Merchant, Carolyn; McNeill, John Robert, eds. (2004). Encyclopedia of World Environmental History. 2: F–N. Routledge. pp. 597–. ISBN 978-0-415-93734-4. "General Electric Contact Materials". Electrical Contact Catalog (Material Catalog). Tanaka Precious Metals. 2005. Archived from the original on 3 March 2001. Retrieved 21 February 2007. Fulay, Pradeep; Lee, Jung-Kun (2016). Electronic, Magnetic, and Optical Materials, Second Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4987-0173-0. Peckham, James (23 August 2016). "Japan wants citizens to donate their old phone to make 2020 Olympics medals". TechRadar. Kean, W. F.; Kean, I. R. L. (2008). "Clinical pharmacology of gold". Inflammopharmacology. 16 (3): 112–25. doi:10.1007/s10787-007-0021-x. PMID 18523733. Moir, David Macbeth (1831). Outlines of the ancient history of medicine. William Blackwood. p. 225. Mortier, Tom. An experimental study on the preparation of gold nanoparticles and their properties, PhD thesis, University of Leuven (May 2006) Richards, Douglas G.; McMillin, David L.; Mein, Eric A. & Nelson, Carl D. (January 2002). "Gold and its relationship to neurological/glandular conditions". The International Journal of Neuroscience. 112 (1): 31–53. doi:10.1080/00207450212018. PMID 12152404. Merchant, B. (1998). "Gold, the Noble Metal and the Paradoxes of its Toxicology". Biologicals. 26 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1006/biol.1997.0123. PMID 9637749. Messori, L.; Marcon, G. (2004). "Gold Complexes in the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis". In Sigel, Astrid (ed.). Metal ions and their complexes in medication. CRC Press. pp. 280–301. ISBN 978-0-8247-5351-1. Faulk, W. P.; Taylor, G. M. (1971). "An immunocolloid method for the electron microscope". Immunochemistry. 8 (11): 1081–3. doi:10.1016/0019-2791(71)90496-4. PMID 4110101. Roth, J.; Bendayan, M.; Orci, L. (1980). "FITC-protein A-gold complex for light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry". Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 28 (1): 55–7. doi:10.1177/28.1.6153194. PMID 6153194. Bozzola, John J. & Russell, Lonnie Dee (1999). Electron microscopy: principles and techniques for biologists. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-7637-0192-5. "Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Nanomedicine: Hybrid Nanoparticles In Imaging and Therapy of Prostate Cancer". Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute, University of Missouri-Columbia. Archived from the original on 14 March 2009. Hainfeld, James F.; Dilmanian, F. Avraham; Slatkin, Daniel N.; Smilowitz, Henry M. (2008). "Radiotherapy enhancement with gold nanoparticles". Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 60 (8): 977–85. doi:10.1211/jpp.60.8.0005. PMID 18644191. "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". Food Standards Agency, UK. 27 July 2007. "Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of gold (E 175) as a food additive". EFSA Journal. 14 (1): 4362. 2016. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4362. ISSN 1831-4732. "The Food Dictionary: Varak". Barron's Educational Services, Inc. 1995. Archived from the original on 23 May 2006. Retrieved 27 May 2007. Kerner, Susanne; Chou, Cynthia; Warmind, Morten (2015). Commensality: From Everyday Food to Feast. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-85785-719-4. Baedeker, Karl (1865). "Danzig". Deutschland nebst Theilen der angrenzenden Länder (in German). Karl Baedeker. King, Hobart M. "The Many Uses of Gold". geology.com. Retrieved 6 June 2009. Gold in Gastronomy. deLafee, Switzerland (2008) Toning black-and-white materials. Kodak Technical Data/Reference sheet G-23, May 2006. Martin, Keith. 1997 McLaren F1. "The Demand for Gold by Industry" (PDF). Gold bulletin. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2009. "Colored glass chemistry". Retrieved 6 June 2009. Dierks, S. (May 2005). "Gold MSDS". Electronic Space Products International. Louis, Catherine; Pluchery, Olivier (2012). Gold Nanoparticles for Physics, Chemistry and Biology. World Scientific. ISBN 978-1-84816-807-7. Wright, I. H.; Vesey, J. C. (1986). "Acute poisoning with gold cyanide". Anaesthesia. 41 (79): 936–939. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb12920.x. PMID 3022615. Wu, Ming-Ling; Tsai, Wei-Jen; Ger, Jiin; Deng, Jou-Fang; Tsay, Shyh-Haw; et al. (2001). "Cholestatic Hepatitis Caused by Acute Gold Potassium Cyanide Poisoning". Clinical Toxicology. 39 (7): 739–743. doi:10.1081/CLT-100108516. PMID 11778673. Tsuruta, Kyoko; Matsunaga, Kayoko; Suzuki, Kayoko; Suzuki, Rie; Akita, Hirotaka; Washimi, Yasuko; Tomitaka, Akiko; Ueda, Hiroshi (2001). "Female predominance of gold allergy". Contact Dermatitis. 44 (1): 48–49. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.440107-22.x. PMID 11156030. Brunk, Doug (15 February 2008). "Ubiquitous nickel wins skin contact allergy award for 2008". Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. Singh, Harbhajan (2006). Mycoremediation: Fungal Bioremediation. p. 509. ISBN 978-0-470-05058-3. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to: Gold Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gold. Look up gold in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Hart, Matthew, Gold: The Race for the World's Most Seductive Metal Gold : the race for the world's most seductive metal"], New York : Simon & Schuster, 2013. ISBN 9781451650020 "Gold" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. "Gold" . The American Cyclopædia. 1879. Chemistry in its element podcast (MP3) from the Royal Society of Chemistry's Chemistry World: Gold www.rsc.org Gold at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham) Getting Gold 1898 book, www.lateralscience.co.uk Technical Document on Extraction and Mining of Gold at the Wayback Machine (archived 7 March 2008), www.epa.g
-
Date : 18th February 2020. UK Week Ahead - 18th FebruaryThe data calendar this week is quite busy, featuring, in chronological order, monthly labour market data today, January inflation figures (Wednesday), January retails sales (Thursday), and the preliminary January PMI surveys (Friday).The UK employment is anticipated to hold steady at 3.8% in December data, though the average household income to dip to a 3.1% y/y rate in the three months to December. The headline CPI has forecasted to remain unchanged at 1.3% y/y rate, which is well off the BoE’s 2.0% target, though would fit the central bank’s projections. A 0.6% m/m rebound in retail sales is expected following the 0.6% contraction in December. As for the preliminary PMI data, the market consensus if for a dip in the headline composite reading, to 52.7 from 53.3, with service sector expansion seen slowing after the acceleration in January, and manufacturing sector activity dipping back into mild contraction.Overall, the as-expected data will affirm a picture of a post-election rebound in activity. This, combined with markets anticipating a fiscally expansive 2020-21 budget presentation from the government in March, should keep the pound underpinned. The impact of the coronavirus hasn’t, by anecdotal measures, been much as yet.On the Brexit front, concerns persist. The government has clearly signalled that it aims for divergence from the EU, and leave, without a new trading agreement if necessary, the Brexit transition period at the end of the year. This would imply the UK shifting to WTO trading terms and conditions, which would erode terms of trade. Bear in mind that when the UK leaves transition phase, it won’t just be leaving the EU’s single market and customs union, but also the 40 free trade agreement that the Union has around the globe.In currency market meanwhile, Cable has continued to consolidate gains seen mid last week following signs that the government is gearing up a fiscally expansive policy. The pair has pullback to 1.3000 area, off from the two-week high of last Thursday at 1.3069.On the year-to-date, and from the mid-December election, the Pound has been trading mixed versus the other main currencies, lacking domestically generated directional bias. Political developments have seen UK Prime Minister Johnson strengthen his power, most notably with last week’s resignation of Chancellor of the Exchequer Sajid Javid, who was replaced by Rishi Sunak, which effectively green lights a fiscally expansive policy to finance major infrastructure projects (details are due to be announced at the government’s 2020-21 budget presentation in March).Available January data out of the UK have also confirmed a rebound in economic activity as the fog of political uncertainty cleared following the general election. On the negative side of the balance are persisting concerns about Brexit.Always trade with strict risk management. Your capital is the single most important aspect of your trading business.Please note that times displayed based on local time zone and are from time of writing this report.Click HERE to access the full HotForex Economic calendar.Want to learn to trade and analyse the markets? Join our webinars and get analysis and trading ideas combined with better understanding on how markets work. Click HERE to register for FREE!Click HERE to READ more Market news. Andria Pichidi Market Analyst HotForex Disclaimer: This material is provided as a general marketing communication for information purposes only and does not constitute an independent investment research. Nothing in this communication contains, or should be considered as containing, an investment advice or an investment recommendation or a solicitation for the purpose of buying or selling of any financial instrument. All information provided is gathered from reputable sources and any information containing an indication of past performance is not a guarantee or reliable indicator of future performance. Users acknowledge that any investment in FX and CFDs products is characterized by a certain degree of uncertainty and that any investment of this nature involves a high level of risk for which the users are solely responsible and liable. We assume no liability for any loss arising from any investment made based on the information provided in this communication. This communication must not be reproduced or further distributed without our prior written permission.
-
To enter on Daily 250$ Binary Options Free Entry Tournaments, you MUST validate your account at PocketOption Broker ( you must send your documents)
- Earlier
-
Date : 17th February 2020 Events to Look Out For Next Week 17th February 2020.Uncertainties over the extent of the economic damage from the novel coronavirus (Covid-19) will keep the markets on shaky footing near term. Elsewhere, focus will be on Europe following Germany’s economic stagnation in Q4 last year as seen today. Looking ahead, ZEW exports and manufacturing remain in the spotlight. That said, further contraction on these leaves the risk that the labour market will start to suffer. The balance of risks is clearly tilted to the downside, and not just for Germany’s economy. Monday – 17 February 2020 Eurogroup Meeting US Bank Holiday – US banks will be closed in observance of Presidents’ Day – NYSE, Nasdaq and Bond markets are all fully closed. Tuesday – 18 February 2020 RBA Minutes (AUD, GMT 00:30) – The RBA minutes will provide more insight on the views the Australian Central Bank has about the economy. Average Earnings and Unemployment (GBP, GMT 09:30) – Earnings are expected to have slowed by 3.1% in the last quarter of 2019, while the ILO Unemployment Rate for the 3 months to December is seen steady at 3.8%. ZEW Economic Sentiment (EUR, GMT 10:00) – German Economic Sentiment for February is projected at 15.0 from the 26.7 seen last month, as the current conditions indicator for Germany declines further. The overall Eurozone reading though is expected to rise to 30.0 from 25.6. Trade Balance (JPY, GMT 23:50) – Japanese imports should decrease -15.8% y/y in January, compared to -4.9% in December, in expectation of lower domestic consumption. Overall, the trade balance is expected to have worsened in January. Wednesday – 19 February 2020 Consumer Price Index (GBP, GMT 09:30) – Prices are expected to have eased in January, with overall inflation expected to stand unchanged at 1.3% y/y, and core at 1.5% from 1.4% y/y last month. Consumer Price Index (CAD, GMT 13:30) – Prices are expected to have improved to 0.1% in January following a flat CPI in December. The overall inflation should have expanded in January to a 2.2% y/y, matching December’s reading. FOMC Minutes (USD, GMT 19:00) – The FOMC minutes will provide more insight on the views the FED has about the economy. Thursday – 20 February 2020 Employment Data (AUD, GMT 00:30) – Employment change s.a. is expected to have increased by 31K in Australia in January, compared to 28.9K in December. The unemployment rate is expected to have increased to 5.2%. Retail Sales (GBP, GMT 09:30) – Following the unexpected 0.6% m/m contraction in UK retail sales in December, Retail Sales are expected to grow by 0.6% in January. ECB Monetary Policy Meeting Accounts (EUR, GMT 12:30) –The ECB Monetary Policy Meeting Accounts, similar to the FOMC minutes, provide information with regard to the policymakers’ rationale behind their decisions. National CPI Index (JPY, GMT 23:30) – The Japanese price index should fall to 0.7% on a y/y basis, compared to 0.8% in December. Friday – 21 February 2020 EU PMIs (EUR, GMT 09:00) – Both manufacturing and services February PMIs are expected to have dropped, leaving the composite at 51.0, down from 51.3 in the preliminary release for February. In Germany meanwhile, composite PMI should slow to 50.7 from 51.2. UK Service PMI (GBP, GMT 09:30) – The final services PMI for January was unexpectedly revised up, to 53.9 from 52.9 in the preliminary estimate, and the highest level in 16 months. Consumer Price Index (EUR, GMT 10:00) – CPI inflation is forecasted to hold at 1.4% y/y as seen in January. Retail Sales (CAD, GMT 13:30) – Core Canadian sales are anticipated to have risen by 0.4% m/m in December, compared to 0.2% m/m in November. US PMIs (USD, GMT 14:45) – The Manufacturing PMI is expected to have increased to 52.5 in February, compared to 51.9 in January, while the Services PMI is expected to have slowed to 52.9. Existing Home Sales (USD, GMT 14:45) – We expect a 0.4% rise in existing home sales in January to a 5.560 mln pace, after a rise to 5.540 mln in December. Pending home sales have grown substantially since Q4 of 2018, though we saw a big -4.9% pull-back in December. Always trade with strict risk management. Your capital is the single most important aspect of your trading business.Please note that times displayed based on local time zone and are from time of writing this report.Click HERE to access the full HotForex Economic calendar.Want to learn to trade and analyse the markets? Join our webinars and get analysis and trading ideas combined with better understanding on how markets work. Click HERE to register for FREE!Click HERE to READ more Market news. Andria Pichidi Market Analyst HotForex Disclaimer: This material is provided as a general marketing communication for information purposes only and does not constitute an independent investment research. Nothing in this communication contains, or should be considered as containing, an investment advice or an investment recommendation or a solicitation for the purpose of buying or selling of any financial instrument. All information provided is gathered from reputable sources and any information containing an indication of past performance is not a guarantee or reliable indicator of future performance. Users acknowledge that any investment in FX and CFDs products is characterized by a certain degree of uncertainty and that any investment of this nature involves a high level of risk for which the users are solely responsible and liable. We assume no liability for any loss arising from any investment made based on the information provided in this communication. This communication must not be reproduced or further distributed without our prior written permission.
-
Wow. Yes. Hi - hows America? I'll let Mk let me know when it happens. Also trade just HSI but keep telling myself I should also trade a variant on your style on fx.
-
Howdy Doody! I haven't been here in years. Dre gave me a nudge about your post otherwise I would never have Known... I'm keen to catch up will PM you and get in touch with Kiwi Trading Hang Seng Futures. Mostly very short-term combined with index option swing trades. With kind regards, MK
-
Gold Is Trapped In A Narrowing Price Band Lacking In Directional Bias XAUUSD Price Analysis – February 14 Gold did not have a strong directional inclination and traded in a limited exchanging band around the $ 1,575 level during the early European session on Friday. The blend of separating powers couldn’t give any new catalyst or support the valuable metal to build up a positive shift of the previous session to the tops in a week. Key Levels Resistance Levels: $ 1611, $ 1595, $ 1585 Support Levels: $ 1550, $ 1540, $ 1517 XAUUSD Long term Trend: Bullish The metal has printed lower highs and higher lows since it reached $ 1,611.49 level in early January. This took the form of a tapering price band or a declining triangle. Marvin Steinberg und seine Sicht auf den STO-Markt: https://coincierge.de/2020/marvin-steinberg-und-seine-sicht-auf-den-sto-markt/ Admitting past the upper limit may mean the resumption of the uptrend from November lows of about $ 1455.70 level and may lead to a move past the recent high of $ 1611.49 level. XAUUSD Short term Trend: Ranging The day after a slight decrease in price, gold came back to the resistance region of $1575 – $1578 levels. With the RSI indicating a potential move higher, we could see some expansion in force. However, gold requires to get through the barrier zone to affirm further advancement and besides, it additionally needs to break past the recent highs to keep up an upswing. Instrument: XAUUSD Order: Buy Entry price: $1,575 Stop: $ 1,563 Target: $1,580 Note: Learn2Trade.com is not a financial advisor. Do your research before investing your funds in any financial asset or presented product or event. We are not responsible for your investing results. Source: https://learn2.trade
-
Ripple (XRP) Starts New Uptrend, Battles Next Resistance At $0.34 Key Resistance Levels: $0.30, $0.40, $0.45 Key Support Levels: $0.25, $0.20, $0.15 XRP/USD Long-term Trend: Bullish On February 11, Ripple slumped to the low of $0.26 and rebounded as the coin reached a new high of $0.32. Before this time, the bulls have been finding it difficult to break the resistance at $0.28. Analysts are of the view that a break above $0.28 will push XRP to a high of $0.31. Today the market has reached a high of $0.34 but has pulled back to the support of $0.32. The upward move has been temporarily put on hold because of the minor resistance at $0.34. Nonetheless, the bulls have to make efforts to break the current resistance. From the price action, if the bulls succeed in breaking the resistance at $0.34, XRP will rally above $0.40. This is because there will be little or no resistance between $0.34 and $0.40. Therefore, we shall lookout for the next price between $40 and $0.45. Daily Chart Indicators Reading: As Ripple appreciated to a high of $0.32, the Relative Strength Index period 14 has risen to level 80. This implies that Ripple is in the overbought region of the market. The implication is that once the coin is overbought, sellers will be generated in the region to push the coin downward. Buyers are not available in the region to push the coin upward. However, in exceptional cases price will linger in the overbought region before the downward move. Marvin Steinberg und seine Sicht auf den STO-Markt: https://coincierge.de/2020/marvin-steinberg-und-seine-sicht-auf-den-sto-markt/ XRP/USD Medium-term Trend: Bullish On the 4-hour chart, the upward move was as a result of a bounce on the trend line. The rally reached a high of $0.34 but the price found support above $0.32. Thereafter the bulls made two attempts at the resistance without a success. The coin is fluctuating below the resistance. 4-hour Chart Indicators Reading Ripple is trading below 80% range of the daily stochastic. This means that XRP is in bearish momentum. The coin is likely to fall. Meanwhile, 21-day SMA and 50-day SMA are sloping upward indicating that uptrend is ongoing General Outlook for Ripple (XRP) Ripple is currently fluctuating above $0.32 support but below the $0.34 resistance. The bulls have one more hurdle at $0.34 resistance to jump over. Ripple will be out of the downtrend zone if the bulls are successful above the resistance. There is also the possibility of a new uptrend as soon as the resistance at $0.34 is breached. Ripple (XRP) Trade Signal Instrument: XRPUSD Order: Buy Entry price: $0.33 Stop: $0.32 Target: $0.45 Note: Learn2Trade.com is not a financial advisor. Do your research before investing your funds in any financial asset or presented product or event. We are not responsible for your investing results. Source: https://learn2.trade
-
I am keen - will pm an email .. No Forex only ES and NQ for me
-
software/broker advise for day trading and scalping
ethanscott replied to hockey-53's topic in Beginners Forum
I would say day trading is the most lucrative investment activity. You have to buy and sell stocks within a day such that your net position at the end of the day is zero. The aim is to leverage market volatility and maximize profits. In intraday trading the key is to follow the market trends and time your trade to perfection. Through intraday trading tips, you can generate a good return on your capital. You can consult a good broker, he/she will provide you a complete guide on day trading. All the Best.
